Corrections: An Introduction Book

PART I PUTTING CORRECTIONS IN PERSPECTIVE

Chapter 1 History of Crime and Punishment

Key Terms

Chapter Objectives

Introduction

Defining Corrections

What is Corrections?

The Mission of Corrections

Corrections as a Part of the Criminal Justice System

The Correctional Funnel and Correctional Policy

Your Career in Corrections: Policy Analysts

Why Students Should Study Corrections?

An Insider’s Experience…Twenty-Five Years of Correctional Work

Theories of Crime and Punishment

Early Responses to Crime

The Development of the Prison

The Walnut Street Jail

The Pennsylvania System

The Auburn System

Prisons Throughout the Last Two Centuries

An Interview With…The Toughest Sheriff in America

Sentencing Goals for Correctional

Punishment

Deterrence

Incapacitation

Rehabilitation

Restitution

You Make the Decision…Rating the Importance of Correctional Goals

Chapter Review

Summary

Review Questions

Endnotes

Chapter 2 -- Sentencing and the Correctional Process

Key Terms

Chapter Objectives

Introduction

PreTrial Correctional Activities

Diversion from the Criminal Justice System

Pretrial Detention in Jail

Release from Pretrial Detention on Bail

Alternatives to Bail

Pretrial Service Programs

Your Career in Corrections: Pretrial Services Officers

The Role of Plea Bargaining and Sentencing

Pre-Sentencing Correctional Activities

Purposes of the PSI

Collecting Information for the PSI

Contents of the PSI

The Sentencing Decision

Sentencing Options

Sentencing Models

A Case Study…Minor Changes Can Have Major Budget Implications

An Insider’s Experience…Increasing Good Time Opportunities

Judicial Discretion in Sentencing

Mandatory Minimum Sentences

Three Strikes Laws

Presumptive Sentencing

Sentencing Guidelines

An Interview With… A Sentencing Judge

Drug Courts: A Creative Sentencing Option

You Make the Decision…Determinate or Indeterminate Sentences

Chapter Review

Summary

Review Questions

Endnotes

PART II CORRECTIONAL POLICY AND OPERATIONS

Chapter 3 — Jails

Key Terms

Chapter Objectives

Introduction

The History of Jails

Current Jail Operations

Role and Function of Jails

The Organization of Jails

Jail Populations

The Increasing Use of Jails

Admissions and Length of Stay

The Jail Process and Daily Operations

Jail Classification

Jail Staffing

Your Career in Corrections…Jail Officers

Design and Supervision in Jails

An Insider’s Experience...Siting an Urban Correctional Facility

Creating a Secure Setting Inside the Jail

Issues in Jails

An Interview With…A Jail Administrators

Responding to Jail Crowding

Legal Issues for Jails

Dealing with Mentally Ill Offenders

Preventing Suicides

A Look Into…Preventing Suicides

You Make the Decision…Preventing Jail Suicides

Chapter Review

Summary

Review Questions

Endnotes

Chapter 4 — Probation and Intermediate Sanctions

Key Terms

Chapter

Objectives

Introduction

The History of Probation

Modern Probation Operations

Supervision

A Look Into...Dealing with the Mentally Ill Probationer

Conditions of Probation

Revocation of Probation

You Make the Decision…Should I Revoke Him?

Issues Regarding Probation

Effectiveness

A Changing Style of Supervision

Probation Classification Systems

Intermediate Sanctions

Defining Intermediate Sanctions

Types of Intermediate Sanctions

Economic Sanctions

Intensive Supervised Probation

House Arrest

Community Residential Centers

An Interview With…A Halfway House Director

Your Career in Corrections: Halfway House Staffer

Split Sentences

Shock Incarceration

Shock Probation

The Effectiveness of Intermediate Sanctions

An Insider’s Experience...Implementing Intermediate Sanctions

Chapter Review

Summary

Review Questions

Endnotes

Chapter 5 - Prisons

Key Terms

Chapter Objectives

Introduction

Current Status of Prisons in the United States

The Role and Mission of Prisons

Your Career in Correction: Wardens

Growth of the Prison Population

Likelihood of Going to Prison

Meeting the Growth Demand

An Insider’s Experience: Throwing Out a $2 Million Prison Design

Adult Prison Systems in the United States

The Federal Prison System

Establishment of the Bureau of Prisons

Growth of the Bureau of Prisons

The Bureau of Prisons Today

An Interview With…The Director of the Federal Bureau of Prisons

State Prison Systems

The Organization of State Prison Systems

A Case Study: Appointing Correctional Directors

Inmates in State Prison Systems

Classification within State Prison Systems

Other Public Correctional Systems

Private Correctional Systems

Private Correctional Companies

A Question of Policy

You Make the Decision: Is Incarceration Worth the Cost?

Chapter Review

Summary

Review Questions

Endnotes

Chapter 6: Parole and Prisoner Reentry

Key Terms

Chapter Objectives

Introduction

The History of Parole

Machonochie and the Mark System

Walter Crofton and the Irish System

Parole Begins in the United States

Parole and the Medical Model

Attacks on the Medical Model and Parole

The Current Status of Parole

Alternatives to Indeterminate Sentencing

Problems with Moving Away from Indeterminate Sentences

Current Status of Parole in the United States

Operations of Parole

The Organization of Parole Boards

An Insider’s Experience: Appointing Parole Board Members

The Parole Hearing

You Make the Decision: Parole or Not?

Supervision and Conditions of Parole

Your Career in Corrections: Parole Officers

Terminating Parole Supervision

Revoking Parole

Legal Issues Regarding Revocation

Effectiveness of Parole

A Question of Policy: Should Parole Be Saved?

Prisoner Reentry: A Changing Phenomena

Changes Over the Past Two Decades

Issues Faced by Offenders Returning to the Community

An Interview With…An Ex-Offender

What Can Be Done to Improve Prisoner Reentry?

Chapter Review

Summary

Review Questions

Endnotes

PART III CORRECTIONAL CLIENTS

Chapter 7 - The Clients of Adult Correctional Agencies

Key Terms

Chapter Objectives

Introduction

Overview of Adult Offender

Gender, Race, and Ethnicity

Age of Offenders

Types of Offenses and Length of Confinement

Male Offenders

Male Offenders and Violence

An Insider’s Experience: The Murder of a Prison Worker

Male Prisoners

Your Career in Corrections: Caseworkers and Counselors

Female Offenders

Women in Prison

Special Issues and Needs of Female Inmates

An Interview With…A Female Offender

Separation from Family and Children

Alcohol and Substance Abuse

Need for Medical Care

Classification Systems for Female Offenders

A Look Into: Working with Female Inmates

Legal Issues Regarding Parity for Female Inmates

Alternatives to Prison for Women Offenders

You Make the Decision: Should Women Go to Prison Just Like Men?

Chapter Review

Summary

Review Questions

Endnotes

Chapter 8 — The Juvenile Correctional System

Key Terms

Chapter Objectives

Introduction

An Insider’s Experience: Defining the Role of Juvenile Institutions

The Problem of Juvenile Crime

Development of the Juvenile Justice System

Waiver of Juvenile Offenders

You Make the Decision: Should Juveniles be Tried as Adults?

Categories of Juvenile Offenders

The Juvenile Justice System and Process

Steps in the Juvenile Justice Process

An Interview With…The Creator of the RECLAIM Ohio Plan

Your Career in Corrections: Juvenile Social Service Worker

Juvenile Residential Facilities

Legal Issues Affecting the Juvenile Justice System

Issues in Juvenile Corrections

Juvenile Gangs and Juvenile Crime

Responding to Juvenile Drug Crime

A Case Study: Is the Juvenile Justice System “Just?”

Chapter Review

Summary

Review Questions

Endnotes

Chapter 9 — Special Offenders

Key Terms

Chapter Objectives

Introduction

Juvenile Offenders in Adult Criminal Courts

Drug Offenders

Mentally Ill Offenders

Your Career in Corrections: Correctional Psychologists

Aging Offenders

A Case Study: Senior Citizen Inmates

Violent Offenders

An Interview With…A Supermax Prison Warden

You Make the Decision: Implement a Supermax Prison?

Sex Offenders

Treatment and Management of Sex Offenders

Sex Offender Recidivism

Civil Commitment of Sexually Violent Predators

Offenders with Infectious Diseases

HIV/AIDS

Tuberculosis

Chapter Review

Summary

An Insider’s Experience: I Thought I Would Get Fired

Review Questions

Endnotes

PART 4 PRISON LIFE

Chapter 10 — The Management of Prisons

Key Terms

Chapter Objectives

Introduction

The Organization of Prisons

State Departments of Corrections

Functions Within the Office of Director

Your Career in Corrections: Correctional Administrators

Administrative Functions

Human Resource Functions

Community Supervision Functions

Field Operations Functions

An Interview With… A Correctional Administrator

Prison Staff Organization

Custody and Security Functions

Treatment Functions

Service Functions

Unit Management

A Case Study: The Effectiveness of Unit Management

An Insider’s Experience: Taking Down the Towers

Controlling Inmate Behavior

Policies and Procedures

Quality Assurance in the Implementation of Policy

Inmate Classification

Inmate Discipline

The Role of Staff in a Prison

Recruiting and Hiring Correctional Staff

Collective Bargaining Within Correctional Agencies

You Make the Decision: Implement Collective Bargaining?

Chapter Review

Summary

Review Questions

Endnotes

Chapter 11 -- Prison Life for Inmates

Key Terms

Chapter Objectives

Introduction

Prison Life for Male Offenders

Prison Culture and the Inmate Code

A Look Into: A Glossary of Prison Slang

Violence in Prisons

Gangs in Prisons

Prison Gang Control Strategies

Your Career in Corrections: Gang Intelligence Officers

Homosexual Behavior in Male Prisons

You Make the Decision: Implement Conjugal Visiting?

Drugs in Prisons

The Function of Humor in Prison

An Interview With…A Three-Time Loser

Prison Life for Female Offenders

The History of Women’s Prisons

An Insider’s Experience: Changing a Female Prison

Culture of Female Correctional Institutions

Chapter Review

Summary

Review Questions

Endnotes

Chapter 12 — The World of Prison Staff

Key Terms

Chapter Objectives

Introduction

The Jobs of Prison Staff

The Organization of a Prison

Prison Chain of Command

The Warden

The Role of Modern Wardens

An Insider’s Experience: My Job as a Warden

Life for a Correctional Officer

The Daily Grind

Stress and Danger

Gaining Compliance of Inmates

A Case Study: Gaining Compliance

Correctional Officer Careers

Your Career in Correction: A Correctional Officer

An Interview With…A Correctional Officer

The Role of Other Staff

Other Security Personnel

Treatment and Program Staff

Services Staff

You Make the Decision: Do I Want to Work in a Prison?

The Prison Culture for Staff

A Case Study: Setting the Tone

Female Correctional Officers in Male Prisons

A Look Into: Female Correctional Officers in Male Prisons

Chapter Review

Summary

Review Questions

Endnotes

Chapter 13 Custody and Treatment

Key Terms

Chapter Objectives

Introduction

Security and Custody within a Prison

Security and Custody Functions

Inmate Accountability

Program and Work Assignments

A Case Study: The Daily Routine

Inmate Movements

Casual and Direct Inmate Supervision

Inmate Counts

Control of Contraband

Special Housing Units

You Make the Decision: Lock Him Up?

Inmate Riots and Disturbances

A Look Into: Causes of a Riot

Planning for Emergency Situations

Emergency Response Teams

An Insider’s Experience...Rebuilding Staff Confidence after a Riot

Treatment and Programs within a Prison

Identifying Inmate Needs

Types of Prison Programs

Educational and Vocational Programs

Your Career in Corrections: Correctional Educators

Mental Health Programs in Prisons

Substance Abuse Programs

An Interview With…A Substance Abuse Coordinator

Prison Work Programs

Prison Industries

Religious Programs

Recreation Programs

Chapter Review

Summary

Review Questions

Endnotes

Chapter 14 - Legal Issues and the Death Penalty

Key Terms

Chapter Objectives

Introduction

Legal Issues Regarding Inmates

The Development of Inmate Legal Rights

The Bill of Rights and Congressional Actions Providing Inmate Rights

Specific Rights of Prisoners

Conditions of Confinement

A Case Study: The Development of an Inmate Lawsuit

Religious Freedom

Medical Care

First Amendment Rights

Access to the Courts

Fourth Amendment Rights

Inmate Discipline

Limiting Litigation by Inmates

Your Career in Corrections: Correctional Attorneys

Capital Punishment

The History of Capital Punishment in the United States

Legal and Statutory Provisions for the Death Penalty

Current Statistics Regarding Capital Punishment

Death Row Prisoners

Executions

An Interview With…A Warden Who Oversees Executions

Operational Problems

An Insider’s Experience…Hostages on Death Row

Reasons for Capital Punishment

Deterrence

Retribution

Incapacitation

Cost

Public Opinion Regarding the Death Penalty

The Potential for Error

You Make the Decision: Support the Death Penalty

Chapter Review

Summary

Review Questions

Endnotes

PART 5 CORRECTIONAL CHALLENGES

Chapter 15 - Issues in Corrections

Key Terms

Chapter Objectives

Introduction

Prison and Jail Populations

Politics and Policy

An Interview With…An Elected Official

A Case Study: Politics and Policy Regarding Prison Industries

Tightening Budgets

Reducing the Inmate Population

Development of Community Alternatives to Prison

Creating Revenues by Correctional Agencies

Contracting with the Private Sector

You Make the Decision: Use the Private Sector to Operate Prisons?

Accreditation of Correctional Programs

Importance of Staff Diversity

Your Career in Corrections…Human Resource Managers

An Insider’s Experience: Increasing Minority Staff

Effectiveness of Treatment Programs

Chapter Review

Summary

Review Questions

Endnotes

Chapter 16: Questions Regarding the Future of Corrections

Key Terms

Chapter Objectives

Introduction

An Interview With…A Correctional Expert

Can Our Current Approach to Sentencing and Corrections Be Successful and Continue?

Will Rehabilitation Continue as a Primary Correctional Goal?

An Insider’s Experience: Education Really Does Work.

Will Supervision of Offenders in the Community Change in Approach?

Do We Need a New Paradigm for Sentencing and Corrections?

Can We Reduce the Impact of Prisonization and Improve the Successful Reentry of Prisoners to the Community?

Your Career in Corrections…Community Social Service Staff

Is Corrections a Good Career Choice for Me?

Chapter Review

Summary

You Make the Decision...What Will the Future Bring?

Review Questions

Endnotes

Glossary

Index