Nonhuman Primates: How Much Like Us? Book

Preface     ix
Introduction to the Nonhuman Primates     1
How Much Like Us?     3
What Is a Primate?     4
The Extremities (Hands and Feet)     6
Locomotion     8
Sense Organs     9
Dentition     11
Reproduction and Socialization     11
Behavior and Ecology     12
What Is Primatology?     13
Why Study Primates?     17
Primates as Models     17
Where Does One Go To Study Nonhuman Primates?     19
Summary     22
Key Words     23
Study Questions     23
Suggested Readings and Related Web Sites     23
Primate Classification     24
Classification Systems     25
What Is a Species?     30
How New Species Appear     36
Naming a Species     37
Primate Taxonomy     39
Higher Taxonomic Units     39
The Two Primate Suborders: Strepsirhini and Haplorhini     42
The Strepsirhine Primates     43
Superfamily: Lemuroidea     43
Superfamily: Lorisoidea     46
The Haplorhine Primates     48
Three Haplorhine Infraorders     48
Summary     61
Key Words     61
Study Questions     62
Suggested Readings and Related Web Sites     62
Primate Biogeography     63
Where Do Primates Live Today?     64
World Biomes     64
Rain Forest     67
Seasonal Forest     72
Woodland Forest     72
Savanna     72
Semi-Desert Scrub     73
Temperate Woodland Forest     73
Distribution of Primates     76
The Strepsirhines     76
The Haplorhine Primates: The Tarsiers     77
The Catarrhine Monkeys, Cercopithecinae     77
The Catarrhine Monkeys, Colobinae     79
The Asian Apes     81
The African Apes     84
The Platyrrhine Monkeys     85
Biogeographical Patterns     88
Summary     89
Key Words     89
Study Questions     89
Suggested Readings and Related Web Sites     89
The Primate Body     90
The General Primate Body Plan     91
Skeleton     94
Dentition      96
Body Size and Energy Requirements     101
Diet and Dietary Adaptations     104
Nutritional Gain with Different Diets     104
Locomotor Systems     118
Sensory Systems     113
The Brain     113
The Olfactory System     115
The Visual System     116
The Tactile System     120
The Auditory System     120
The Taste System     121
Reproductive Biology     123
Growth and Development     126
Life Expectancy     127
Summary     129
Key Words     130
Study Questions     130
Suggested Readings and Related Web Sites     131
Primate Evolution     132
What Is Evolution and How Does It Work?     133
How Do We Discern Ancestor-Descendant Relationships?     134
Evolutionary Models for Primate Evolution     138
The Nature of the Primate Fossil Record     139
How Do We Date a Fossil?     141
Earth Is Constantly Changing     144
Plate Tectonics     144
Climate     145
How Life on Earth Has Evolved     146
Fossil Primates     149
The First Primates to Be Recognized: The Euprimates     149
The First Haplorhines     160
The Tarsier Lineage     166
The Platyrrhines: The First Monkeys of the Americas     168
The First Catarrhines     175
The First True Apes     178
Basal Monkey Catarrhines     184
Summary     195
Key Words     196
Study Questions     197
Suggested Readings and Related Web Sites     197
Primate Ecology     198
How Primates Use their Environment     199
Ecology Basics     199
The Components of an Ecosystem     201
Factors that Limit Populations     203
Species Interactions: Primates as Prey     204
Parasitic Predators     205
Primate-Plant Interactions     207
Primates as Pollinators     207
Primates as Seed Dispersers     209
Primates as Pruners     212
Behavioral Ecology of Primates     212
How to Study Behavioral Ecology     213
How Food Is Distributed in the Various Biomes     213
How Primates Find Food     218
Intergroup Competition and Competitive Exclusion     219
Polyspecific Associations     221
Ranging Behavior     222
Territoriality     224
Activity Cycles     225
Active Time     226
How Do Primates Divide Up Their Day?     226
Seasonal Influences on Time Budgets     227
Extreme Form of Energy Conservation     230
Summary     231
Key Words     233
Study Questions     233
Suggested Readings and Related Web Sites     233
Primate Social Organization     234
Why Do Some Primates Live in Social Groups While Some Do Not?     235
Types of Social Groupings     237
Solitary Foragers     238
One Male-One Female or Pair Group     241
One Male-Multifemale Group     246
Multimale-Multifemale Group     250
Complex, Multileveled Group     253
Why Do Animals Migrate?     253
Summary     255
Key Words     256
Study Questions     256
Suggested Readings and Related Web Sites     256
Primate Social Relationships     257
Primates as Social Organisms     258
Primate Relationships     259
The Adaptive Value of Social Behavior: Selfishness, Kin Selection, and Altruism     261
Types of Primate Social Relationships     262
Relationships Between Males     265
Relationships Between Females     272
Relationships Between Males and Females     282
Relationships Between Adults and Young     286
Summary     294
Key Words     295
Study Questions     295
Suggested Readings and Related Web Sites     295
Primate Communication     296
What is Language?     297
Theories about the Origin of our Language Ability     297
Origin of Language and Mirror Neurons     299
Origin of Language and the FOX Gene Family     299
How Different is Human Vocal Communication from that of Other Primates?     300
Ways to Communicate     301
Communication using Olfaction     302
Communication using Vision     305
Communication using Tactile Senses     307
Communication using Vocalization     308
Vocalization of Primates in their Natural Environments     311
What Do Primates Tell Each Other?     311
Talking with the Apes: Captive Studies     314
Teaching Apes to Speak and Understand Our Speech     315
Teaching Apes Sign Language     315
Teaching Apes Symbols     316
What Does Our Language Have in Common with the Vocal Communications of Primates?     320
Language Perception     320
Semantic Ability     320
Syntactical Ability     321
How is Language and Vocal Communication Acquired?     322
Summary     322
Key Words     324
Study Questions     324
Suggested Readings and Related Web Sites     324
The Primate Brain and Complex Behavior     325
What We can Learn by Studying the Brain     326
Why Study Nonhuman Primate Minds?     326
Do You Need a Big Brain to Perform Complex Behaviors?     328
Exploring Mental States in Primates     329
Theory of Mind     330
Awareness     331
Why Should Primates Need to Think? Exploring Mental States in Primates     335
Social Manipulation and Deception     335
Cooperation and Planning-Hunting Primates     336
Cooperation and Knowledge Transfer     338
Primates Who Make and Use Tools     341
What Does It Take to Use and Make a Tool?     343
How are Tool-using and Tool-making Skills Learned?     344
Can Primates Count and Do Arithmetic?     346
Summary     349
Key Words     349
Study Questions     350
Suggested Readings and Related Web Sites     350
Primate Conservation     351
What Is the Future for the Primate Order?     355
Shrinking Habitats     356
What Is Bushmeat and How Does It Differ from Any Other Wild Game?     358
Epidemics and Transmissible Diseases     361
The Primate Pet Trade     363
Canned and Trophy Hunting     367
Conservation     370
Conservation in the Wild     371
Conservation in Captivity     374
Primates in Medical Research     379
Summary     381
Key Words     382
Study Questions     383
Suggested Readings and Related Web Sites     383
Metric-Imperial Conversions     385
Comparative Primate Skeletons     387
Glossary     389
References     401
Credits     443
Index     445