Packet Video Communications over ATM Networks - Kamisetty Ramamohan Rao - Hardcover Book

	Preface	ix
	Acknowledgments	xi
	Acronyms	xiii
Chapter 1	Introduction	1
1.1	Overview	1
1.2	Organization of the Book	3
1.3	Appendices	4
1.4	Bibliography	4
Chapter 2	Packet Video in the Network Environment	5
2.1	Introduction	5
2.2	Benefits and Shortcomings of Packet Video	6
2.3	Some Issues in Packet Video	7
2.3.1	Layered Source Coding	8
2.3.2	Error Recovery	10
2.3.3	Statistical Behavior of Video Signals	10
2.4	Packet Video Network Architecture Model	11
2.5	Packet Switched Network for Real-Time Video Transport	15
2.5.1	Video Transmission Over Packet Switched Networks	16
2.5.2	Packet Video Coding	17
2.5.3	Video Data Scrambling and Interleaving	19
2.6	Video Compression in a Packet Network Environment	20
2.6.1	Compression Schemes	22
2.6.2	Digital Video Compression	23
Chapter 3	Video Communication Using Asynchronous Transfer Mode Technique	25
3.1	Introduction	25
3.2	ATM for the Future Broadband ISDN	29
3.3	Main ATM Features	31
3.4	ATM Layers	34
3.5	Packetization for ATM Networks	36
3.6	Buffering in the ATM Environment	39
3.6.1	Leaky Bucket	41
3.6.2	Transmission of High-Priority Video Data	42
3.7	Video Sources Model Description	42
3.8	Video Coding Techniques	45
3.8.1	Fixed Bit Rate and Variable Bit Rate Coder	50
3.8.2	Layered Coding Models in ATM	51
3.8.3	Subband Coding	52
3.8.4	Three-Dimensional Subband Spatio-Temporal Decomposition	55
3.8.5	Discrete Cosine Transform	58
3.8.6	Adaptive Subband Discrete Cosine Transform Coding	60
3.8.7	Lapped Orthogonal Transform	61
3.8.8	Wavelet Transform Coding	63
3.8.9	Wavelets and Scaling Functions	66
3.8.10	Filter Banks and Wavelets	67
3.8.11	Discrete Wavelet Transform	67
3.8.12	Predictive Encoding	71
3.8.13	DPCM and Subband Coding Techniques	73
3.8.14	Hybrid DCT/DPCM Coding	74
3.8.15	Vector Quantization	76
3.8.16	Fractal Coding	80
3.9	MPEG Video Coding	83
3.9.1	Motion Compensation	86
3.9.2	Motion Estimation	87
3.9.3	Comments	89
Chapter 4	Scalability Techniques	91
4.1	Introduction to Scalability	91
4.2	Basic Approaches to Achieve Scalability	93
4.3	Types of Scalabilities	94
4.4	Data Partitioning	95
4.5	SNR Scalability	98
4.5.1	Coding Issues	102
4.5.2	Frequency Scalability	102
4.5.3	Chroma Simulcast	103
4.6	Spatial Scalability	103
4.6.1	Progressive-Progressive Spatial Scalability	107
4.6.2	Progressive-Interlace Spatial Scalability	107
4.6.3	Interlace-Interlace Spatial Scalability	108
4.6.4	Interlace-Progressive Spatial Scalability	111
4.7	Temporal Scalability	112
4.8	Hybrid Scalability	115
4.8.1	Spatial and Temporal Hybrid Scalability	116
4.8.2	SNR and Spatial Hybrid Scalability	117
4.8.3	SNR and Temporal Hybrid Scalability	118
Chapter 5	MPEG and ITU-T Video Standards	121
5.1	Introduction	122
5.2	Characteristics of MPEG Video Compression	124
5.3	MPEG Bit Stream Syntax	128
5.4	MPEG-2 Video Standard	128
5.4.1	MPEG-2 Nonscalable Video Coding	129
5.4.2	MPEG-2 Scalable Video Coding	132
5.4.3	MPEG-2 Video: Discussion	134
5.5	ITU-T Recommendation H.263, H.263+, H.263++, and H.26L	136
5.6	MPEG-4 Video Standardization Process	146
5.6.1	Scope and Features of the MPEG-4 Standard	153
5.6.2	Overview of the MPEG-4 System	157
5.6.3	Object-Based Coding Syntax	158
5.6.4	MPEG-4 Terminal	163
5.6.5	Structure of the Tools for Representing Natural Video	164
5.6.6	MPEG-4 Video Verification Model	167
5.6.7	Video Coding Algorithms	171
5.6.8	Video Decoding Process	184
5.6.9	Still Texture Object Decoding	192
5.6.10	Mesh Object Decoding	197
5.6.11	Face Object Decoding	198
5.6.12	Visual-Systems Composition Issues	199
5.6.13	Error Resilience	202
5.6.14	Profiles and Levels	203
5.7	MPEG-7 Standardization of Multimedia Content Description Interface	204
5.7.1	Objectives, Scope, and Requirements	207
5.7.2	Applications	214
5.7.3	Research Areas	216
5.8	Concluding Remarks	220
Chapter 6	Some Issues Involved in Asynchronous Transfer of Video	223
6.1	Rate Control	223
6.1.1	Rate Function Bounding	225
6.2	Multiplexing in an ATM Network Environment	226
6.2.1	Deterministic Multiplexing	228
6.2.2	Statistical Multiplexing without Quality Guarantees	228
6.2.3	Statistical Multiplexing with Quality Guarantees	229
6.2.4	Multiplexing of MPEG Video Sources	230
6.2.5	ATM Multiplexer for Multiple Two-Layer Video Streams	231
6.3	Video Delay	232
6.3.1	Cell Delay Variation	234
6.3.2	Delay Control	234
6.4	Errors and Losses in Asynchronous Transfer Mode of Video	236
6.4.1	Cell Losses in ATM Networks	237
6.4.2	Cell Loss Process--The Gilbert Model	239
6.4.3	Cell Loss Rate Characteristics as a Function of Time	240
6.4.4	Cell Jitter Reduction	241
6.4.5	Network Framing	243
6.4.6	Error Concealment Strategies for ATM Networks	245
6.4.7	Codeword Domain Error Concealment	245
6.4.8	Spatio-Temporal Error Concealment	246
6.4.9	Adaptive Error Concealment for Intracoded Frames	247
6.4.10	Spatial Scalable Error Concealment	248
6.4.11	Encoding Parameter Adjustment	249
6.4.12	MPEG Video Error Concealment	250
6.4.13	Loss Concealment	252
6.5	Bandwidth Management	252
6.5.1	Bandwidth Management for the ABR Service	254
6.6	Video over Wireless ATM Networks	254
6.6.1	Wireless ATM Reference Models	256
6.6.2	Fixed Wireless Components	256
6.6.3	Mobile End Users	256
6.6.4	Mobile Switches with Fixed End Users	256
6.6.5	Mobile Switches with Mobile End Users	257
6.6.6	Interworking with the Personal Communication Service	258
6.6.7	Wireless Ad Hoc Networks	258
6.6.8	Wireless ATM Design Issues	258
6.6.9	Mobile ATM	258
6.6.10	Radio Access Layer	260
6.7	Concluding Remarks	261
Chapter 7	Asynchronous Transfer of Video in the Internet	263
7.1	Introduction	263
7.2	The Global Internet	266
7.3	Internet Network Architecture	267
7.4	Internet and ATM	269
7.4.1	Integrating IP and ATM	271
7.5	Internet Integrated Services	272
7.5.1	Internet Engineering Task Force Integrated Services	273
7.5.2	Controlled-Load Service	274
7.5.3	Guaranteed Service	275
7.6	MPEG-4 Video Transport over the Internet	276
7.7	Concluding Remarks	277
Chapter 8	Quality of Service for Packet Video Over ATM Networks	279
8.1	Introduction	280
8.2	Integrated Video Services over ATM	282
8.3	Service Classes Defined by the ATM Forum	284
8.4	ATM Service Category Alternatives	285
8.5	Video Aggregation	287
8.5.1	Modeling the Aggregated Traffic	290
8.6	Quality of Service	291
8.7	Quality of Service Parameters	293
8.7.1	QoS Classes	296
8.8	Quality of Service Requirements	298
8.9	Quality of Service and Basic Coding Techniques	300
8.10	Traffic Management Functions and QoS Requirements	301
8.11	QoS Protocol Reference Model	303
8.12	QoS: Maintenance, Monitoring, Adaptation	305
8.13	Perceptual Quality of the Received Video	306
8.14	Concluding Remarks	307
Chapter 9	Video in Multimedia Communications	309
9.1	Introduction	309
9.2	Distributed Multimedia Systems	311
9.2.1	Main Features of DMS	313
9.3	Requirements of Distributed Multimedia Applications	314
9.4	Distributed Multimedia Applications	315
9.5	Interactive Television	316
9.5.1	Customer Premises Equipment	316
9.5.2	Interactive Television Servers	318
9.5.3	User Interface	320
9.5.4	Media Editors	320
9.5.5	Navigation	321
9.5.6	Content Creation for ITV	321
9.5.7	Hypermedia Applications	323
9.6	Video on Demand	323
9.7	Some Open Issues	325
9.7.1	Scalability with Respect to Multimedia Applications	325
9.7.2	Routing	326
9.7.3	Pricing	326
9.8	Concluding Remarks	327
Appendix A	Information on the Internet	329
Appendix B	Atsc Digital TV Standard Transport Packet Stream	355
Appendix C	Multimedia and Standardization	365
	Bibliography	375
	Index	411
	About the Authors	419