Theory and application of tracers Book

	Preface
	Acknowledgments
1	Introduction
II	Radioactive and Stable Isotopes	3
III	Radiation	4
2	Experimental Isotope Additions
I	Tracer Experiments	7
II	General Considerations in Isotope Experiments	9
III	Isotope Flux Experiments	11
	[superscript 14]C and [superscript 15]N Studies of Assimilation and Translocation	11
IV	Isotopic Rate Measurements	14
A	Mineralization and Uptake of N	16
B	Fertilization and Fertility	20
C	Sulfate Reduction Using [superscript 35]S	26
D	Phosphorus Turnover in Marine Systems	29
E	Thymidine Incorporation	31
3	Distribution and Fractionation of Isotopes in the Environment
II	Principles of Isotopic Fractionation	35
III	Radiocarbon	38
IV	Stable Isotopes	40
V	Stable Isotopes: Case Studies	41
A	[superscript 13]C and Photosynthesis	41
B	Natural [superscript 13]C as a Tracer of Soil Organic Matter	44
C	[superscript 15]N Abundance for Nitrogen Fixation	46
D	Use of Stable Isotopes for Diet and Foodweb Analysis	47
E	Methane Production and Consumption in Sediments	49
VI	Isotopic Records of the Environment	52
A	Global CO[subscript 2] Cycle	53
B	Biogeochemistry of Methane	60
C	Isotopic Thermometers	64
4	Safety and Laboratory Procedure
I	Biological Consequences of Radioisotope Exposure	69
A	Units	69
B	Health Effects	70
C	Regulations for Exposure	71
II	Radioisotope Handling and Safety	72
A	Personal Safety	72
B	Laboratory Equipment and Procedures	72
C	Ordering Labeled Material	75
D	Survey	76
E	Decontamination	76
F	Public Relations	77
5	Measurement Techniques
I	Stable Isotopes	79
A	Mass Spectronomy	79
B	Sample Preparation for Mass Spectrometry	81
C	Emission Spectroscopy	83
D	Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy	84
II	Radioisotopes	90
A	Geiger-Miiller and Proportional Counters	90
B	Scintillation and Cerenkov Counting	92
C	Dating	96
D	Autoradiography	97
	References	105