Micro Fuel Cells: Principles and Applications Book

Preface v

About the Editor vi

About the Contributors vii

1 Electrolytes for Long-Life, Ultra Low-Power Direct Methanol Fuel Cells Shruti Prakash William E. Mustain Paul A. Kohl 1

1.1 Introduction 2

1.2 Perfluorinated Polymer Proton Exchange Membranes 9

1.3 Non-Nafion Polymer Proton Exchange Membranes 24

1.4 Inorganic Membranes 37

1.5 Conclusions 43

2 MEMS-Based Micro Fuel Cells as Promising Power Sources for Portable Electronics Tristan Pichonat 51

2.1 Introduction 52

2.2 Miniaturization 56

2.3 Microfabricated Fuel Cells 58

2.4 Example: Grafted Porous Silicon-Based Miniature Fuel Cells 88

2.5 Conclusion 93

Acknowledgments 94

3 Advances in Microfluidic Fuel Cells Erik Kjeang Nedjib Djilali David Sinton 99

3.1 Introduction 100

3.2 Microfluidic Fuel Cell Fundamentals 104

3.3 Channel Fabrication, Electrode Patterning, and Integration 108

3.4 Technical Advances in Microfluidic Fuel Cells 112

3.5 Conclusion and Challenges Ahead 133

Acknowledgments 137

4 Development of Fabrication/Integration Technology for Micro Tubular SOFCs Toshio Suzuki Yoshihiro Funahashi Toshiaki Yamaguchi Yoshinobu Fujishiro Masanobu Awano 141

4.1 Introduction 142

4.2 Fabrication and Characterization of Micro Tubular SOFCs 144

4.3 Characterization of Micro Tubular SOFCs 155

4.4 Bundle and Stack Design for Micro Tubular SOFCs 167

4.5 Concluding Remarks 175

Acknowledgments 176

5 Enzymatic Biofuel Cells Michael C. Beilke Tamara L. Klotzbach Becky L. Treu Daria Sokic-Lazic Janice Wildrick Elisabeth R. Amend Lindsay M. Gebhart Robert L. Arechederra Marguerite N. Germain Michael J. Moehlenbrock Sudhanshu Shelly D. Minteer 179

5.1 Introduction and Background181

5.2 Similarities and Differences to Traditional Fuel Cell Catalysts 186

5.3 Enzymatic Bioelectrocatalysis 191

5.4 Mediated Electron Transfer vs. Direct Electron Transfer 197

5.5 FAD-Dependent Enzymes 207

5.6 Deep Oxidation of Biofuel Cells 209

5.7 Biocathodes 217

5.8 Enzyme Immobilization 221

5.9 Enzymatic Fuel Cell Design 225

5.10 Nanomaterials in Enzymatic Biofuel Cells 231

5.11 Conclusions 235

Acknowledgements 236

6 Glucose Biosensors-Recent Advances in the Field of Diabetes Management Frank Davis Séamus P. J. Higson 243

6.1 Introduction 244

6.2 Principles of Glucose Biosensing 245

6.3 Electrochemical Sensing of Glucose 247

6.4 Alternative Methods of Enzyme Immobilization 253

6.5 Nanotechnology in Biosensors 269

6.6 Stabilization of Enzymes 275

6.7 Optical Methods for Sensing Glucose 276

6.8 Miniaturization 278

6.9 Continuous Monitoring 279

6.10 Commercial Biosensors 281

6.11 Conclusions and Future 283

Index 293