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Abbreviations and Conventions xi
Biographical Sketches xii
Medieval Myths xiii
Timelines xiv
Maps xv
List of Figures xvi
Preface xix
Introduction 1
Chapter 1 Romans, Christians, and Barbarians 4
The Early Middle Ages 4
The Roman Peace (31 B.C.E-180 C.E.) and After 5
Christianity 8
Barbarians and the Western Empire 19
The Decline of the Western Empire 25
Conclusion 27
Chapter 2 Early Western Christendom, c. 500-700 28
Introduction 28
Early Medieval Society 28
Early Medieval Politics 33
The Early Medieval Church 40
Intellectual Life 48
Conclusion 50
Chapter 3 Neighbors: Byzantium and Islam, c. 500-1000 51
Introduction 51
From Eastern to Byzantine Empire 52
The Byzantine Centuries 59
The Ascent of Islam 65
The Islamic Empire 70
Islamic Culture 77
Conclusion 79
Chapter 4 Carolingian Europe, c. 700-850 80
Introduction 80
The Early Carolingians 82
Charlemagne (r. 768-814) 83
Intellectual Revival 95
Conclusion 100
Chapter 5 Division, Invasion, and Reorganization, c. 800-1000 102
Introduction 102
Division: The Later Carolingians 102
Invasion: Muslims, Magyars, and Vikings 104
Reorganization: New Polities 111
Conclusion 130
Chapter 6 Economic Takeoff and Social Change, c. 1000-1300 131
The Central Middle Ages 131
Agricultural Revolution 139
Rural Society 141
The Commercial Revolution 150
Urban Society 156
The Landholding Aristocracy 162
Feudal Society 163
Conclusion 166
Chapter 7 Popes and the Papacy, c. 1000-1300 167
Introduction 167
Papacy, Clergy, and Laity, c. 1000-1122 168
The Reformed Papacy and Its Church 175
Innocent III and the Papacy Ascendant 184
The Papacy after 1250 187
Conclusion 189
Chapter 8 New Paths to God, c. 1000-1300 190
Introduction 190
Judaism 190
The Evolution of Christian Piety 191
Orthodoxy and Heresy 197
Changes in Monastic Life 199
The Mendicant Orders 205
Conclusion 210
Chapter 9 Conquests, Crusades, and Persecutions, c. 1100-1300 211
Introduction 211
Conquests and Territorial Expansion 212
Crusades 221
Persecutions 231
Conclusion 235
Chapter 10 States Made and Unmade, c. 1000-1300 236
Introduction 236
The Holy Roman Empire: Disintegration 237
England: King and Parliament 248
France: The Monarchy Triumphant 258
Iberia: Some Consolidation 267
The States of Northern and Eastern Europe 268
Conclusion 268
Chapter 11 Literature, Art, and Thought, c. 1000-1300 269
Introduction 269
Byzantine and Islamic Influences 270
Intellectual Trends 271
Literature 283
Architecture and Sculpture 290
Conclusion 296
Chapter 12 Famine, Plague, and Recovery, c. 1300-1500 297
The Later Middle Ages 297
Economic Woes and Demographic Crisis (1300-1350) 301
Adjustment and Recovery (1350-1500) 306
Late Medieval Christianity 313
Conclusion 321
Chapter 13 Toward the Sovereign State, c. 1300-1500 322
Introduction 322
England, France, and the Hundred Years' War 323
England: Parliament, Civil War, and Tudor Monarchy 327
France: Constitutional Crisis, War, and the Spider King 329
The Iberian Slates: Consolidation through Homogenization 332
New Powers on the European Periphery 335
The Heritage of the Holy Roman Empire 338
Conclusion 341
Chapter 14 Diversity and Dynamism in Culture, c. 1300-1500 344
Introduction 344
Literacy and Vernacular Languages 345
Humanist Education 347
Literature 350
Art and Architecture 352
Philosophy 354
Political Thought 359
Conclusion 360
Glossary G-1
Photo Credits P-1
Index I-1
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Add Medieval Europe: A Short History, Medieval Europe: A Short History is justly renowned for its accessible, humane, and humorous style. It tells how the peoples of the medieval West built, understood, and changed their world. Never losing sight of the neighboring civilizations of Byzantium , Medieval Europe: A Short History to your collection on WonderClub |