Pharmacy Student Survival Guide Book

Contributors xiii

Preface xvii

Acknowledgments xix

Section 1 Systems and Expectations

1 First Practice Course Expectations Elizabeth Frenzel Shepherd 3

Introduction 3

Professional Attributes 5

Curriculum Vitae and Cover Letter 6

The Practice Site 10

Practice Experience Courses 13

Introductory Practice Courses 14

Conclusion 17

Application Exercises 18

References 18

2 Ethics in Pharmacy Practice Nancy S. Collins 19

Introduction 21

The Codes of Professional Ethics in Medicine and Pharmacy 21

Two Philosophical Theories are Often Referred to in Biomedical and Clinical Ethics: Utilitarianism and Deontology 24

History of (a) How Biomedical Ethics Evolved and the Fundamental Principles of Biomedical Ethics, (b) How Clinical Ethics Evolved, and (c) Clinical Applications of Those Principles (Clinical Ethics) with Case Examples 24

Codes of Conduct in the Professions and, Specifically, Clinical Ethics 33

Conclusion: The Doctor/Clinician-Patient Relationship is the Core of Clinical Ethics 38

Application Exercises 39

References 39

Answers to Application Exercises 40

3 Pharmacy as a Community-Based Profession Kevin R. Kearney 41

Introduction 42

Service-Learning 43

What Can You Learn From Service-Learning? 44

What Do You Need To Do to Learn From Service in the Community? 47

Who Benefits From Service-Learning and How? 49

Conclusion 51

Application Exercises 52

Reflective Exercises 52

References 52

4 Communication: An Overview Michelle T. Assa-Eley Ceressa T. Ward Eric H. Hobson 55

Introduction 57

Importance of Communication Skills 57

Model of Communication 58

Potential Barriers to Pharmacist's Communication 60

OralCommunication Skills 61

Nonverbal Communication Skills 71

Putting It All Together: Patient Interviewing 73

The What, Why, and How of Presentations 81

Getting Started 84

Writing in the Professions 92

Summary 98

Application Exercises 99

References 100

Role-Playing Scenarios 102

Scenario I 102

Scenario II 103

Scenario III 104

Scenario IV 104

Scenario V 105

Scenario VI 106

Scenario VII 106

Scenario VIII 107

Scenario IX 108

Scenario X 109

Scenario XI 109

Scenario XII 110

Scenario XIII 111

Scenario XIV 112

Scenario XV 112

5 Rounding, Documentation, and Patient Education Sarah L. Johnson Jacquelyn L. Bainbridge Ruth C. Taggart Janina Z. P. Janes 114

Introduction 116

Advanced Practice Experiences 116

Application Exercises 129

Acknowledgment 129

References 130

6 Monitoring Drug Therapy Kelly C. Rogers Joel R. Pittman 132

Introduction 133

Steps for Monitoring Drug Therapy 135

Putting It All Together 153

Application Exercises 159

References 160

7 Regulatory Agencies with Pharmacy Oversight and Legal Requirements for Filling a Prescription Karen L. Kier Ruth E. Nemire 162

Introduction 163

Administrative Agencies 164

Drug Laws 165

The Prescription 170

Summary 177

Application Exercises 178

References 178

Bibliography 178

Section 2 Patient Care Tool Box

8 A Brief Look at the Construction of Medical Terminology and Common Definitions of Words That are Part of the Pharmacy Vernacular Pat Parteleno Ruth E. Nemire Karen L. Kier 181

Introduction 182

What is in a Word? 183

Definitions of Common Terms Within the Pharmacy Vernacular 197

Application Exercises 213

References 215

9 Pharmacy Calculations A. Timothy Eley 216

Introduction 217

The Prescription or Medication Order 219

Common Systems of Measurement and Conversion 221

Calculation of Doses 223

Ratio Strength and Percentage 223

Aliquots 226

Tonicity and Osmolarity 228

Reconstitution and Intravenous Admixtures 230

Summary 232

Application Exercises 232

References 234

10 Physical Assessment Skills Cristina E. Bello-Quintero Rachel H. Bardowell 235

Introduction 237

Basic Physical Assessment Technique 238

Precautions 241

Getting Started 241

Putting It All Together 259

Application Exercises 259

References 260

11 Interpretation of Clinical Laboratory Data Karen L. Whalen Nancy Borja-Hart 261

Introduction 263

Clinical Pearls When Interpreting Laboratory Data 264

Urinalysis 271

Electrolytes and Blood Chemistry 275

Cardiac Tests 284

Lipoprotein Panel 285

Endocrine Tests: Thyroid Function 288

Endocrine Tests: Diabetes Mellitus 290

Endocrine Tests: Adrenal Gland 291

Gastrointestinal Tests 294

Hematologic Tests 299

Coagulation Tests 302

Immunologic Tests 304

Infectious Disease Diagnostic Tests 305

Hepatitis A 308

Hepatitis B 309

Hepatitis C 310

Application Exercises 311

References 312

12 Designing Patient Treatment Plans: Pharmacokinetic Foundations Sandra B. Earle 315

Introduction 316

Dosage Regimen Design 317

Basic Calculations to Determine Individual Pharmacokinetic Variables 349

Application 353

Application Exercises 356

References 359

Section 3 Topics in Pharmacy Practice

13 Drug Information and Drug Literature Evaluation Karen L. Kier 363

Introduction to Drug Information 364

Drug Information Skills 364

Standard References 371

Drug Literature Evaluation 372

Professional Writing 380

Summary 407

Application Exercises 407

References 408

14 Community/Ambulatory Care Maria Maniscalco-Feichtl Karen L. Whalen 409

Community and Ambulatory Care: An Overview 412

Community Pharmacy Practice: Pharmacy Business Issues 412

Managing the Clinical Messages/DUR Messages/Computer Checks 422

Telepharmacy-Upcoming Changes in Medication Order Fulfillment Practice 426

Community Pharmacy Practice: Patient Care Issues 429

Ambulatory Care Pharmacy: Practice Issues 440

Experiential Education Courses: Managing Activities at the Site 443

Summary and Conclusion 447

References 448

Patient Cases 449

Community Pharmacy Cases 450

Ambulatory Care Cases 452

15 Institutional Pharmacy Practice Stephanie D. Garrett Antonia Zapantis 461

General Hospital Overview 464

Educational Experiences in an Institution 481

Conclusion 489

Application Exercises 490

References 491

Application Exercise Answers 492

16 Managed Care Sherry Clayton Karen Martin Kathryn Fulks 510

Introduction 511

Business Services in Managed Care 513

Clinical Tools in Managed Care 514

Outcomes Research 517

Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy 517

For More Information 518

Application Exercises 519

References 519

17 Public Health Stuart Feldman Ruth E. Nemire 521

Introduction 521

Public Health Specialty Areas 522

Public Health Practice 525

Public Health Organizations and Institutions 526

Healthy People 2010 and 2020 529

Public Health Education in the Pharmacy Curriculum 532

Conclusion 535

References 535

18 Taking it to the Streets: Reducing Health Disparities Through Domestic and Global Outreach to the Underserved Kelly L. Scolaro Ruth E. Nemire Lisa D. Inge Hazel Seaba 537

Introduction 537

Organizations 538

Advocacy for the Profession 538

Advocacy for the Underserved Patient 544

Taking the Practice to the Streets, Hillsides, and Mountain Top Villages 546

Preparation for Outreach Trips 548

Getting There 549

Conclusion 550

Application Exercises 551

References 551

Index 555