31 Days Before Your CCNA Exam: A Day-By-Day Review Guide for the CCNA 640-802 Exam Book

Introduction xxv

Part I: Networking Basics 1

Day 31: Network Devices, Components, and Diagrams 3

CCNA 640-802 Exam Topics 3

Key Points 3

Devices 3

Switches 3

Routers 5

Media 5

LANs and WANs 7

Networking Icons 7

Physical and Logical Topologies 8

The Hierarchical Network Model 9

The Enterprise Architecture 10

Network Documentation 11

Study Resources 12

Day 30: Network Models and Applications 13

CCNA 640-802 Exam Topics 13

Key Points 13

The OSI and TCP/IP Models 13

OSI Layers 14

TCP/IP Layers and Protocols 15

Protocol Data Units and Encapsulation 16

Growth of Network-Based Applications 17

Quality of Service 17

Increased Network Usage 17

The Impact of Voice and Video on the Network 18

Study Resources 19

Day 29: Network Data Flow from End-to-End 21

CCNA 640-802 Exam Topics 21

Key Points 21

The TCP/IP Application Layer 21

The TCP/IP Transport Layer 21

TCP Header 22

Port Numbers 23

Error Recovery 24

Flow Control 25

Connection Establishment and Termination 25

UDP 26

The TCP/IP Internet Layer 26

The TCP/IP Network Access Layer 27

Data Encapsulation Summary 28

Using Layers to Troubleshoot 29

Study Resources 29

Part II: Switching Concepts and Configuration 31

Day 28: Connecting Switches and Ethernet Technology 33

CCNA 640-802 Exam Topics 33

Key Topics 33

Ethernet Overview 33

Legacy Ethernet Technologies 34

CSMA/CD 35

Legacy Ethernet Summary 35

Current Ethernet Technologies 36

UTP Cabling 36

Benefits of Using Switches 37

Ethernet Addressing 38

Ethernet Framing 39

The Role of the Physical Layer 40

Study Resources 41

Day 27: Network Segmentation and Switching Concepts 43

CCNA 640-802 Exam Topics 43

Key Topics 43

Evolution to Switching 43

Switching Logic 44

Collision and Broadcast Domains 45

Frame Forwarding 45

Switch Forwarding Methods 45

Symmetric and Asymmetric Switching 46

Memory Buffering 46

Layer 2 and Layer 3 Switching 46

Accessing and Navigating Cisco IOS 46

Connecting to Cisco Devices 46

CLI EXEC Sessions 47

Using the Help Facility 48

CLI Navigation and Editing Shortcuts 48

Command History 49

IOS Examination Commands 50

Subconfiguration Modes 50

Storing and Erasing Configuration Files 51

Study Resources 52

Day 26: Basic Switch Configuration and Port Security 53

CCNA 640-802 Exam Topics 53

Key Topics 53

Basic Switch Configuration Commands 53

Configuring SSH Access 55

Configuring Port Security 56

Shutting Down and Securing Unused Interfaces 58

Study Resources 59

Day 25: Verifying and Troubleshooting Basic Switch Configurations 61

CCNA 640-802 Exam Topics 61

Key Points 61

Troubleshooting Methodology 61

Verifying Network Connectivity 62

Interface Status and the Switch Configuration 65

Interface Status Codes 65

Duplex and Speed Mismatches 66

Common Layer 1 Problems On “Up” Interfaces 67

CDP as a Troubleshooting Tool 68

Study Resources 70

Day 24: Switching Technologies and VLAN Concepts 71

CCNA 640-802 Exam Topics 71

Key Points 71

VLAN Concepts 71

Traffic Types 72

Types of VLANs 72

Voice VLAN Example 73

Trunking VLANs 74

Dynamic Trunking Protocol 75

VTP Concepts 76

VTP Modes 77

VTP Operation 77

VTP Pruning 78

STP Concepts and Operation 78

RSTP Concepts and Operation 80

Configuring and Verifying STP 82

PVST+, PVRST, and MIST 82

Configuring and Verifying the BID 82

PortFast 84

Configuring RSTP 84

Troubleshooting STP 84

Study Resources 85

Day 23: VLAN and Trunking Configuration and Troubleshooting 87

CCNA 640-802 Exam Topics 87

Key Points 87

Sample Topology 87

VLAN Configuration and Verification Commands 88

Configuring and Verifying Trunking 91

Troubleshooting VLAN and Trunking Problems 93

Study Resources 95

Day 22: VTP and InterVLAN Routing Configuration and Troubleshooting 97

CCNA 640-802 Exam Topics 97

Key Points 97

VTP Configuration and Verification 97

VTP Troubleshooting 102

Inter-VLAN Routing Configuration and Verification 103

Troubleshooting Inter-VLAN Routing 105

Study Resources 106

Part III: Addressing the Network 107

Day 21: IPv4 Address Subnetting 109

CCNA 640-802 Exam Topics 109

Key Topics 109

IPv4 Addressing 109

Header Format 109

Classes of Addresses 110

Purpose of the Subnet Mask 111

Subnetting in Four Steps 112

Determine How Many Bits to Borrow 113

Determine the New Subnet Mask 114

Determine the Subnet Multiplier 114

List the Subnets, Host Ranges, and Broadcast Addresses 114

Subnetting Example 1 114

Subnetting Example 2 115

Subnetting Example 3 115

VLSM 116

Summarizing Subnet Addresses 118

Private and Public IP Addressing 119

Study Resources 120

Day 20: Host Addressing, DHCP, and DNS 123

CCNA 640-802 Exam Topics 123

Key Topics 123

Addressing Devices 123

ARP 124

DNS 126

DHCP 127

Configuring on a Cisco Router as a DHCP Server 128

Network Layer Testing Tools 132

Ping 132

Study Resources 134

Day 19: Basic IPv6 Concepts 137

CCNA 640-802 Exam Topics 137

Key Topics 137

Overview of IPv6 137

IPv6 Address Structure 139

Conventions for Writing IPv6 Addresses 139

Conventions for Writing IPv6 Prefixes 139

IPv6 Global Unicast Address 140

Reserved, Private, and Loopback Addresses 141

The IPv6 Interface ID and EUI-64 Format 141

IPv6 Address Management 142

Transitioning to IPv6 142

Study Resources 144

Part IV: Routing Concepts and Configuration 145

Day 18: Basic Routing Concepts 147

Key Topics 147

Packet Forwarding 147

Path Determination and Switching Function Example 148

Routing Methods 149

Classifying Dynamic Routing Protocols 150

IGP and EGP 150

Distance Vector Routing Protocols 150

Link-State Routing Protocols 151

Classful Routing Protocols 151

Classless Routing Protocols 152

Dynamic Routing Metrics 152

Administrative Distance 153

IGP Comparison Summary 154

Routing Loop Prevention 155

Link-State Routing Protocol Features 156

Building the LSDB 156

Calculating the Dijkstra Algorithm 157

Convergence with Link-State Protocols 158

Study Resources 158

Day 17: Connecting and Booting Routers 161

CCNA 640-802 Exam Topics 161

Key Topics 161

Router Internal Components 161

IOS 162

Router Bootup Process 162

Router Ports and Interfaces 164

Router Connections 164

Study Resources 166

Day 16: Basic Router Configuration and Verification 167

CCNA 640-802 Exam Topics 167

Key Topic 167

Basic Router Configuration 167

Verifying Network Connectivity 175

Study Resources 177

Day 15: Managing Cisco IOS and Configuration Files 179

CCNA 640-802 Exam Topics 179

Key Topics 179

The Cisco IOS File System 179

IFS Commands 179

URL Prefixes for Specifying File Locations 181

Commands for Managing Configuration Files 182

Cisco IOS File Naming Conventions 182

Manage IOS Images 183

Backing Up an IOS image 184

Restoring an IOS Image 185

Recovering an IOS Image Using a TFTP Server 186

Recovering an IOS Image Using Xmodem 187

Recovering a Lost Password 188

Study Resources 189

Day 14: Static, Default, and RIP Routing 191

CCNA 640-802 Exam Topics 191

Key Topics 191

Static Route Configuration 191

Static Routes Using the “Next Hop” Parameter 193

Static Routes Using the Exit Interface Parameter 193

Default Static Routes 194

RIP Concepts 197

RIPv1 Message Format 197

RIPv1 Operation 198

RIPv1 Configuration 198

RIPv1 Verification and Troubleshooting 199

Passive Interfaces 203

Automatic Summarization 204

Default Routing and RIPv1 206

RIPv2 Configuration 207

Disabling Autosummarization 208

RIPv2 Verification and Troubleshooting 208

Study Resources 209

Day 13: EIGRP Routing 211

CCNA 640-802 Exam Topics 211

Key Topics 211

EIGRP Operation 211

EIGRP Message Format 212

RTP and EIGRP Packet Types 212

DUAL 214

Administrative Distance 214

EIGRP Configuration 214

The network Command 215

Automatic Summarization 216

Manual Summarization 217

EIGRP Default Route 219

Modifying the EIGRP Metric 219

Modifying Hello Intervals and Hold Times 220

EIGRP Verification and Troubleshooting 221

Study Resources 226

Day 12: OSPF Routing 227

CCNA 640-802 Exam Topics 227

Key Topics 227

OSPF Operation 227

OSPF Message Format 227

OSPF Packet Types 228

Neighbor Establishment 228

Link-State Advertisements 229

OSPF Network Types 230

DR/BDR Election 230

OSPF Algorithm 231

Link-State Routing Process 232

OSPF Configuration 233

The router ospf Command 234

The network Command 234

Router ID 235

Modifying the OSPF Metric 236

Controlling the DR/BDR Election 237

Redistributing a Default Route 238

Modifying Hello Intervals and Hold Times 238

Verifying and Troubleshooting OSPF 239

Study Resources 243

Day 11: Troubleshooting Routing 245

CCNA 640-802 Exam Topics 245

Key Topics 245

The Basic Commands 245

VLSM Troubleshooting 246

Discontiguous Networks 246

Troubleshooting RIP 247

Troubleshooting EIGRP and OSPF Interface Issues 248

Troubleshooting Neighbor Adjacency Issues 249

Study Resources 250

Part V: Wireless Concepts and Configuration 251

Day 10: Wireless Standards, Components, and Security 253

CCNA 640-802 Exam Topics 253

Key Topics 253

Wireless Standards 253

Wireless Modes of Operation 254

Wireless Frequencies 254

Wireless Encoding and Channels 255

Wireless Coverage Area 256

CSMA/CA 256

Wireless Security Risks 257

Wireless Security Standards 258

Study Resources 259

Day 9: Configuring and Troubleshooting Wireless Networks 261

CCNA 640-802 Exam Topics 261

Key Topics 261

Implementing a WLAN 261

Wireless LAN Implementation Checklist 262

Wireless Troubleshooting 264

Study Resources 264

Part VI: Basic Security Concepts and Configuration 265

Day 8: Mitigating Security Threats and Best Practices 267

CCNA 640-802 Exam Topics 267

Key Topics 267

The Importance of Security 267

Attacker Terminology 267

Thinking Like an Attacker 268

Balancing Security and Availability 269

Developing a Security Policy 269

Common Security Threats 270

Vulnerabilities 270

Threats to Physical Infrastructure 271

Threats to Networks 271

Types of Network Attacks 271

General Mitigation Techniques 273

Host and Server Security 273

Intrusion Detection and Prevention 273

Security Appliances and Applications 273

Maintaining Security 275

Study Resources 276

Part VII: ACL and NAT Concepts and Configuration 277

Day 7: ACL Concepts and Configurations 279

CCNA 640-802 Exam Topics 279

Key Topics 279

ACL Concepts 279

Defining an ACL 279

Processing Interface ACLs 279

Types of ACLs 280

ACL Identification 281

ACL Design Guidelines 281

Configuring Standard Numbered ACLs 282

Standard Numbered ACL: Permit Specific Network 282

Standard Numbered ACL: Deny a Specific Host 283

Standard Numbered ACL: Deny a Specific Subnet 283

Standard Numbered ACL: Deny Telnet Access to the Router 284

Configuring Extended Numbered ACLs 284

Extended Numbered ACL: Deny FTP from Subnets 285

Extended Numbered ACL: Deny Only Telnet from Subnet 285

Configuring Named ACLs 286

Standard Named ACL Steps and Syntax 286

Standard Named ACL: Deny a Single Host from a Given Subnet 286

Extended Named ACL Steps and Syntax 287

Extended Named ACL: Deny a Telnet from a Subnet 287

Adding Comments to Named or Numbered ACLs 287

Complex ACLs 288

Study Resources 288

Day 6: Verifying and Troubleshooting ACL Implementations 289

CCNA 640-802 Exam Topics 289

Key Topics 289

Verifying ACLs 289

Troubleshooting ACLs 291

Problem 1: Host Has No Connectivity 291

Problem 2: Denied Protocols 292

Problem 3: Telnet is Allowed #1 293

Problem 4: Telnet Is Allowed #2 294

Problem 5: Telnet Is Allowed #3 294

Study Resources 295

Day 5: NAT Concepts, Configuration, and Troubleshooting 297

CCNA 640-802 Exam Topics 297

Key Topics 297

NAT Concepts 297

A NAT Example 298

Dynamic and Static NAT 299

NAT Overload 299

NAT Benefits 300

NAT Limitations 300

Configuring Static NAT 301

Configuring Dynamic NAT 301

Configuring NAT Overload 303

Verifying NAT 303

Troubleshooting NAT 304

Study Resources 306

Part VIII: WAN Concepts and Configuration 307

Day 4: WAN and VPN Technologies 309

CCNA 640-802 Exam Topics 309

Key Topics 309

WAN Technology Concepts 309

WAN Components and Devices 309

WAN Physical Layer Standards 311

WAN Data Link Protocols 312

WAN Switching 312

WAN Connection Options 313

Dedicated Connection Options 314

Circuit-Switched Connection Options 314

Packet-Switched Connection Options 315

Internet Connection Options 317

Choosing a WAN Link Option 319

VPN Technology 320

VPN Benefits 320

Types of VPN Access 320

VPN Components 322

Establishing Secure VPN Connections 322

Study Resources 326

Day 3: PPP Configuration and Troubleshooting 329

CCNA 640-802 Exam Topics 329

Key Topics 329

HDLC 329

HDLC Encapsulation 329

Configuring HDLC 330

Verifying HDLC 331

PPP Concepts 331

The PPP Frame Format 331

PPP Link Control Protocol (LCP) 332

PPP Configuration and Verification 334

Basic PPP 334

Study Resources 336

Day 2: Frame Relay Configuration and Troubleshooting 337

CCNA 640-802 Exam Topics 337

Key Topics 337

Frame Relay Concepts 337

Frame Relay Components 338

Frame Relay Topologies 339

NBMA Limitations and Solutions 340

Inverse ARP and LMI Concepts 341

Inverse ARP and LMI Operation 342

Configuring and Verifying Frame Relay 343

Full Mesh with One Subnet 344

Partial Mesh with One Subnet per PVC 347

Frame Relay Verification 348

Troubleshooting WAN Implementations 349

Troubleshooting Layer 1 Problems 350

Troubleshooting Layer 2 Problems 350

Troubleshooting Layer 3 Problems 351

Study Resources 352

Day 1: CCNA Skills Review and Practice 353

Key Topics 353

CCNA Skills Practice 353

Introduction 353

Topology Diagram 353

Addressing Table 354

VLAN Configuration and Port Mappings 355

ISP Configuration 355

Task 1: Configure Frame Relay in a Hub-and-Spoke Topology 356

Task 2: Configure PPP with CHAP 356

Task 3: Configure Static and Dynamic NAT on HQ 356

Task 4: Configure Default Routing 357

Task 5: Configure Inter-VLAN Routing 357

Task 6: Configure and Optimize EIGRP Routing 357

Task 7: Configure VTP, Trunking, the VLAN Interface, and VLANs 357

Task 8: Assign VLANs and Configure Port Security 358

Task 9: Configure STP 358

Task 10: Configure DHCP 359

Task 11: Configure a Firewall ACL 359

CCNA Skills Practice (Answers) 360

Task 1: Configure Frame Relay in a Hub-and-Spoke Topology 360

Task 2: Configure PPP with CHAP 362

Task 3: Configure Static and Dynamic NAT on HQ 362

Task 4: Configure Default Routing 364

Task 5: Configure Inter-VLAN Routing 364

Task 6: Configure and Optimize EIGRP Routing 365

Task 7: Configure VTP, Trunking, the VLAN Interface, and VLANs 367

Task 8: Assign VLANs and Configure Port Security 369

Task 9: Configure STP 370

Task 10: Configure DHCP 371

Task 11: Configure a Firewall ACL 372

CCNA Skills Challenge 374

Part IX: Exam Day and Post-Exam Information 375

Exam Day 377

What You Need for the Exam 377

What You Should Receive After Completion 377

Summary 378

Post-Exam Information 379

Receiving Your Certificate 379

Determining Career Options 379

Examining Certification Options 380

If You Failed the Exam 380

Summary 380