The Resistance Phenomenon in Microbes and Infectious Disease Vectors: Implications for Human Health and Strategies for Containment -- Workshop Summary Book

	Summary and Assessment	1
1	Introduction	19
	Microbial Resistance: Adopting an Evolutionary Approach	19
	Arms Races and Antimicrobial Resistance: Using Evolutionary Science to Slow Evolution	21
	Antibiotic Resistance 1992-2002: A Decade's Journey	32
2	Microbe Resistance	44
	New Strategies Against Multi-Drug-Resistant Bacterial Pathogens	46
	Malaria and the Problem of Chloroquine Resistance	52
	Drug Resistance in Treatment of Schistosomiasis	59
	Bacterial Infection in Irradiated Mice: Therapy and Prophylaxis (Anthrax, a Special Consideration)	64
3	Vector Resistance	79
	Insecticide Resistance in Insect Vectors of Human Disease	81
	Managing the Emergence of Pesticide Resistance in Vectors	88
	What Is the Role of Insecticide Resistance in the Re-Emergence of Major Arthropod-Borne Diseases?	94
4	The Economics of Resistance	107
	What Does Economics Have to Offer in the War Against Antimicrobial Resistance?	108
	Economic Instruments for the Control of Antimicrobial Resistance	118
	Economic Responses to the Problem of Drug Resistance	121
5	Factors Contributing to the Emergence of Resistance	130
	Antibiotic Use and Resistance in Developing Countries	132
	Healthcare-Acquired Infections: Hospitals as a Breeding Ground for Antimicrobial Resistance	139
	The Use of Antimicrobials in Food-Producing Animals	147
6	Emerging Tools and Technology for Countering Resistance	159
	Evolution of Multiple Mechanisms of Resistance to [beta]-Lactam Antibiotics	160
	Using Phage Lytic Enzymes to Control Antibiotic-Resistant Pathogenic Bacteria on Mucous Membranes	167
	Roles for Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics in Drug Development for Resistant Pathogens	174
7	Strategies to Contain the Development and Consequences of Resistance	196
	Development of the Public Health Action Plan to Combat Antimicrobial Resistance and CDC Activities Related to Its Implementation	198
	Antibiotic Resistance: Encouraging the Development of New Therapies, Preserving the Usefulness of Current Therapies	206
	The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Campaign to Prevent Antimicrobial Resistance in Health Care Settings	210
	Antimicrobial Resistance Containment Strategies of the Rational Pharmaceutical Management Plus Program	215
	Antimicrobial Resistance and Future Directions	223
App. A	Public Health Consequences of Use of Antimicrobial Agents in Agriculture	231
App. B	Agenda: Issues of Resistance: Microbes, Vectors, and the Host	244
App. C	Information Resources	249
App. D	Executive Summary: WHO Report	256
App. E	Executive Summary: GFHR Report	274
App. F	Executive Summary: Interagency Task Force Report	279
App. G	Forum Member, Speaker, and Staff Biographies	287