Principles and Applications of Emulsion Polymerization Book

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Free Radical Polymerization 1

1.2 Emulsion Polymerization 5

1.3 Colloidal Stability 11

1.4 Some Performance Properties for Industrial Applications 15

References 19

2 Interfacial Phenomena 23

2.1 Thermodynamic Consideration 23

2.2 Surfactants 26

2.3 Colloidal Stability 32

References 50

3 Particle Nucleation Mechanisms 53

3.1 Micellar Nucleation 54

3.2 Homogeneous Nucleation 60

3.3 Coagulative Nucleation 65

3.4 Mixed Mode of Particle Nucleation Mechanisms 68

3.5 Surfactant-Free Emulsion Polymerization 71

3.6 Experimental Work on Particle Nucleation 76

3.7 Nonionic and Mixed Surfactant Systems 87

References 91

4 Emulsion Polymerization Kinetics 95

4.1 Emulsion Polymerization Kinetics 96

4.2 Absorption of Free Radicals by Latex Particles 103

4.3 Desorption of Free Radicals Out of Latex Particles 109

4.4 Growth of Latex Particles 114

4.5 Polymer Molecular Weight 120

References 123

5 Miniemulsion Polymerization 128

5.1 Polymerization in Monomer Droplets 129

5.2 Stability of Monomer Emulsions 130

5.3 Type of Costabilizers in Miniemulsion Polymerization 133

5.4 Miniemulsion Polymerization Mechanisms and Kinetics 135

5.5 Versatility of Miniemulsion Polymerization 145

References 150

6 Microemulsion Polymerization 154

6.1 Introduction 154

6.2 Formation and Microstructure of Microemulsions 155

6.3 O/W Microemulsion Polymerization 158

6.4 W/O Microemulsion Polymerization 167

6.5 Polymerization in Continuous or Bicontinuous Phases of Microemulsions 169

References 170

7 Semibatch and Continuous Emulsion Polymerizations 175

7.1 Semibatch Emulsion Polymerization 175

7.2 Continuous EmulsionPolymerization 187

7.3 Development of Commercial Continuous Emulsion Polymerization Processes 194

References 196

8 Emulsion Polymerizations in Nonuniform Latex Particles 200

8.1 Origin of Nonuniform Latex Particles 200

8.2 Seeded Emulsion Polymerizations 201

8.3 Factors Affecting Particle Morphology 202

8.4 Morphology Development in Latex Particles 205

8.5 Polymerization Kinetics in Nonuniform Latex Particles 211

References 220

9 Applications of Emulsion Polymers 223

9.1 Physical Properties of Emulsion Polymers 224

9.2 Rheological Properties of Emulsion Polymers 230

9.3 Film Formation of Emulsion Polymers 233

9.4 Foaming and Antifoaming Agents 236

9.5 Wetting 238

9.6 Surface Modifications 241

9.7 Stability of Latex Products 242

References 245

Index 248