Policing in Japan: A Study on Making Crime Book

	Foreword
	Preface
	Acknowledgments
Pt. I	Introduction
1	Making Crime in Japan	1
2	The Enabling Legal Environment	11
1	Work Load of the Japanese Police	13
2	The Formal Legal System of Criminal Investigation	16
a	Voluntary Investigation	16
b	Arrest	18
c	Detention at Police Station Detention Cells	19
d	Interrogations and Confessions	21
e	Admissibility of Evidence	23
3	The Process of the Research	27
1	Exposition of the Research Procedure	27
2	The Process of the Research	29
4	Natural Sequence of Criminal Investigation in Japan	43
1	Investigation by Patrol Officers	43
2	Investigation of Theft Crimes	47
3	Investigation of Forcible Crimes	66
4	Investigation of Organized Crimes	89
5	Summary	95
Pt. II	Description of Investigate Activity: How Do They Think and Behave?
5	Investigate Efficiency and Procedural Compliance	99
6	Voluntary Investigation	103
1	Police Academy	103
2	Supervisors	106
3	Detectives	108
4	Summary	117
7	Search and Seizure	119
1	Police Academy	119
2	Supervisors	120
3	Detectives	122
8	Arrest	127
1	Police Academy	127
2	Supervisors	129
3	Detectives	130
4	Summary	138
9	Detention	141
1	Supervisors	141
2	Detectives	143
3	Legal Implications of the Detention Practice	148
10	Interrogation, Confession, and Separate Offense	151
1	Police Academy	151
2	Supervisors	154
3	Detectives	156
4	Legal Implications of the Interrogation Practice	165
Pt. III	Explanation of Investigative Activity: Why Do They Think and Behave as They Do?
11	The Forms of Detectives' Involvement in Investigative Actions	171
1	Moral Involvement in Aggressive Investigations	175
a	Desire for Unrestrained Aggressive Behavior	175
b	Harsh Working Conditions	179
2	Dissatisfaction and Criticism about Working Conditions	181
3	Doubts Regarding the Legality of Aggressive Investigations	191
12	Policy and Action of Supervisors	195
1	Dominant Policy Stance of Supervisors	195
2	Reactions of Section Chiefs	203
3	Reactions of Aggressive Detectives	205
13	Perceptions of Internal Demands for Improved Records	207
1	Demands for Improved Organizational Records	207
2	Demands for Improved Individual Records	210
a	Police Academy	210
b	Supervisors	211
c	Detectives	213
3	Meaning of Statistics	215
14	Perceptions of External Controls and Expectations	217
1	Defense Attorneys	218
2	Prosecutors	219
3	Judges	223
4	The Public and the Mass Media	227
15	Conclusions: Irony of Effective Supervision and an Enabling Legal Environment	233
	Appendix A. Survey on Duties of Officers in Criminal Investigation	245
	Appendix B. List of Japanese Court Cases and Relevant Statutes	251
	Bibliography	255
	Index	261