Policing Ethics and Human Rights Book

	List of figures	ix
	About the authors and contributors	xi
	Foreword	xiii
Part 1
1	Ethics in context: policing and its environment in the twenty-first century	3
	Policing, ethics and human rights?	3
	A brief history of ethics and policing	5
	Transition or crisis?	11
	Summary and conclusions	17
	Further reading	17
2	The purposes of policing: past, present and future	19
	Introduction	19
	Policing, government and the citizen	19
	A history of the policing mission	22
	The present: what do the police actually do?	26
	Policing futures	29
	The three 'futures'	30
	The 'futures' at work	31
	The lessons of the 'three futures'	34
	Conclusion: which 'future'?	35
	Further reading	36
3	From ethics to principles and practice	37
	Introduction	37
	Ethics and policing	37
	Ethical theory	39
	Duty, utility, virtue and care	41
	The ethics of uncertainty	45
	A new ethics for policing?	47
	Principles in policing	50
	Conclusions	51
	Further reading	51
4	From ethics to rights	54
	Introduction: human rights as a 'new agenda in policing'	54
	Human rights: the history of an idea and its meaning	55
	Human rights and international standards in policing	61
	ECHR: articles and principles	61
	Conclusions: rights and their impact on policing	68
	Further reading	70
Part 271
5	Personal ethics	73
	Introduction
	The professional vocation of policing?	74
	The cultures of policing	78
	Discretion	82
	Citizens in uniform	86
	Conclusions	91
	Further reading	92
	Notes	93
6	Police performance management - an ethical dilemma?	94
	Introduction	94
	Governance of policing	96
	Framework	98
	Police performance management	105
	Towards a new paradigm	117
	Conclusions	120
	Further reading	122
	Notes	122
7	Operational ethics	124
	Introduction	124
	Covert policing	125
	Ethical and human rights compliant covert policing?	131
	Policing dangerousness	135
	Police and the use of force	137
	Conclusions: towards ethics in operational policing	143
	Further reading	143
8	Organisational ethics	145
	Introduction	145
	'Operational accountability'	146
	Complaints, misconduct and corruption	154
	Policing diversity	159
	Conclusions	164
	Further reading	165
	Notes	165
Part 3167
9	Human resource solutions	169
	Introduction	169
	Recruitment of police officers	170
	Training	175
	Personnel investigations, operational controls and anti-corruption investigations and audits	181
	Personal development of staff	183
	Conclusions	186
	Further reading	187
	Notes	187
10	Decision making, codes and control systems	189
	Introduction	189
	Ethical codes	189
	Decision making	198
	Conclusions	202
	Further reading	203
11	'Auditing' for compliance: a human rights case study	205
	Introduction	189
	The UK police service's response to the Human Rights Act 1998
	ACPO human rights programme: policy audits	207
	Results and reality of policy analysis and evaluation	208
	Making the link between ethics and human rights explicit	210
	Can policy analysis and evaluation promote change?	211
	Integrating human rights into performance management and inspections	212
	Observations from non-governmental organisations and academics	213
	Conclusions: a multiple-impact change programme	214
	Further reading	214
	Notes	214
12	Towards ethical policing	215
	Bibliography	221
	Index	236