Memory Book

	Preface
1	Introduction to Memory	1
	How Is Memory Related to Learning?	2
	Conceptual Distinctions between Memory and Learning	2
	Early Ideas about Memory	4
	Definitions of Memory	10
	Retention and Forgetting: Orientation and Terminology	14
	The Expression of Memory	16
	Dissociation between Memories Available and Memories Expressed	21
	Sources of Forgetting	24
2	Forgetting Events and Relationships: The Effects of Time	27
	Absence of Forgetting in Early Laboratory Tests with Animals	28
	An Orientation for Understanding Forgetting	29
	Forgetting Over Time: The Effect of a Retention Interval Filled with Relative Inactivity	31
3	Significant Sources of Forgetting: Changes in Context	53
	Context and Retention	53
	Contextual Influences on Basic Conditioning and Learning	59
	The Role of Context in Memory Retrieval	61
	Generality and Limitations of the Contextual Change Effect	63
	State-Dependent Retention	74
	Endogenous States and Memory Dissociation	80
4	Significant Sources of Forgetting: Interference: Conflicting Memories Interfere with Retention	85
	What Kind of "Interference" Is Involved?	85
	Sleep and Memory	102
5	Short-Term Retention	109
	Assessment of Short-Term Retention	109
	Retroactive Interference in Short-Term Retention	114
	Overt Representation for Memory	119
	Proactive Interference for Short-Term Retention	121
	Content of the Memory in Short-Term Retention	126
	Cognition and Short-Term Retention in Animals	132
	Short-Term Retention in Humans	140
	Comparisons of Monkey and Human Memory	143
6	Memory for Stimulus Attributes and Spatial Location	151
	Stimulus Generalization	152
	Memory for Individual Attributes of a Stimulus	154
	Generalization Gradients and Memory for Conflicting Stimuli	161
	Memory for Attributes of Reinforcers or Unconditioned Stimuli	162
	Spatial Memory	165
7	Developmental Change in the Processing of Memories	177
	Overview of the Ontogeny of Learning and Memory	178
	Foundations of the Development of Memory: Ontogenetic Change in Brain and Behavior	182
	The Significance of Learning and Memory During Development	188
	Ontogenetic Change in the Capacity for Learning	191
	Infantile Amnesia and the Ontogeny of Retention	200
	The Paradox	208
8	Experimentally Induced Amnesias and Memory Modulation	213
	Experimentally Induced RA	214
	Modulation of Memory	222
	Malleability of Memory in Humans	234
	Anterograde Amnesia	238
9	Recoveries from Forgetting: Retrieval Phenomena	245
	Alleviation of Forgetting in Animals	247
	Drug-Induced Attenuation of Forgetting	250
	Alleviation of Forgetting in Humans	251
	Attenuation of Forgetting after Brain Damage	256
	Retrieval Deficits in Experimentally Induced Amnesia	259
	Memory Retrieval by Persons with Amnesia	272
	Test-Induced Recovery from Amnesia	273
	Recovery from Amnesia by Priming	256
10	Aspects of Human Amnesia	281
	Retrograde Amnesia	282
	Anterograde Amnesia	286
	Explicit and Implicit Memory	290
	Comment on Dissociation as a Research Strategy in the Psychobiology of Memory	292
	Human Anterograde Amnesia: Some Methodological Concerns	294
	Mishkin's Neurobiological Model	295
	Forgetting in Everyday Life	297
11	Memory and the Principles of Learning	301
	Does Learning Establish a Memory (Representation)?	302
	Should Theories of Learning Be Theories of Memory?: Circumstances of Remembering (Memory Retrieval and Expression) Can Mask or Reveal Learning	311
12	Structure of Memory	331
	Alternatives to Multiple Memory Systems	331
	Breadth of Selective Expression	334
	Multiple Memory Systems	337
	References	355
	Index	395