Living Democracy, Basic Version Book

Part One: Foundations of American Government

Preface/Walkthrough

Acknowledgments

About the Authors

1 American Government: Democracy in Action

American Democracy and the Individual Citizen

The Unique Democracy of the United States

Themes of This Book

Citizen Participation in Democratic Government

Pathways of Action

  PATHWAYS OF ACTION: Active Students and Local Air Pollution Laws

  PATHWAYS PROFILE: A. Philip Randolph

Diversity in American Society

Citizen Participation and Pathways: The Example of Abortion

Change and Stability in American Government

Sources of Stability

  PATHWAYS PROFILE: The Political Culture of Our Neighbor to the North

Conclusion

2 Early Governance and the Constitutional Framework

The Cry for Liberty, Equality, . . . and Slavery?

The Nature of Government and Politics

Types of Governments

Economic Systems

Early Governance in America

  PATHWAYS OF ACTION: The Sons of Liberty

The American Revolution

  PATHWAYS PROFILE: Thomas Paine and the “Common Sense” of Democracy

The Declaration of Independence

The Colonial Experience and the Pathways of Change

  PATHWAYS PAST AND PRESENT: Tiimothy McVeigh’s Revolution?

The Articles of Confederation

Limitations of the Articles of Confederation

Shays’s Rebellion: An Alternative Look

The Constitutional Convention

The Great Compromise

The Three-Fifths Compromise

The Sectional Compromise

The U.S. Constitution

The Struggle over Ratification

The Federalist Papers

The Anti-Federalists’ Response

Other ChallengesFaced by the New Nation

A Second Revolution

Jacksonian Democracy

Conclusion

Part Two: The Institutions of American Government

3 Federalism

No Child Left Behind and the Ongoing Debate over Authority

Why Divide Authority in the First Place?

The Evolution of Federalism in the United States

Before the Civil War

  PATHWAYS PROFILE: John Marshall

  PATHWAYS OF ACTION: The Civil War and the Failure of American Politics

Federalism after the Civil War

Federal Power: The Supreme Court and the New Deal

Recent Trends in Federalism

The New Deal and Cooperative Federalism

The Great Society and Creative Federalism

The Changing Nature of Federal Grants

  PATHWAYS OF ACTION: Mandates to Prompt Change

New Federalism

  PATHWAYS PAST AND PRESENT: Dillon’s Rule versus Home Rule

Devolution

  PATHWAYS OF ACTION: Intergovernmental Lobbyists

  PATHWAYS OF ACTION: States’ Rights–For Liberals?

The Supreme Court’s Shift in Perspective

Conclusion

4 The Judiciary

Controversy over Same-Sex Marriage

Court Structure and Processes

The Adversarial System

Trial Courts

Appellate Courts

The United States Supreme Court

  PATHWAYS PROFILE: Ruth Bader Ginsburg

The Power of American Judges

Constitutional and Statutory Interpretation

Judicial Review

Federal Judges’ Protected Tenure

Judicial Selection and Judges’ Decision Making

Judicial Selection in the Federal System

  PATHWAYS PAST AND PRESENT: Diversity in the Judiciary

Judicial Selection in the States

Judges’ Decision Making

Political Science and Judicial Decision Making

Action in the Court Pathway

  PATHWAYS PROFILE: John G. Roberts Jr.

Interest Group Litigation

  PATHWAYS OF ACTION: The NAACP and Racial Segregation

Elements of Strategy

Implementation and Impact

Judicial Policymaking and Democracy

Conclusion

5 Civil Liberties

Restrictions on Freedom of Speech

The Bill of Rights in History

Early Interpretation of the Bill of Rights

The Incorporation Process and the Nationalization of Constitutional Rights

  PATHWAYS OF ACTION: Cruel and Unusual Punishment

First Amendment Rights

Freedom of Speech

  PATHWAYS PROFILE: Mary Beth Tinker

Freedom of the Press

  PATHWAYS PAST AND PRESENT: Supreme Court Workload

Obscenity

Freedom of Religion

Civil Liberties and Criminal Justice

The Right to Bear Arms

Search and Seizure

Self-Incrimination

Trial Rights

  PATHWAYS PROFILE: Clarence Earl Gideon

Capital Punishment

Privacy

Abortion

Private Sexual Conduct

Conclusion

6 Civil Rights

The Controversy over Affirmative Action

The Ideal of Equality

Equal Protection of the Law

The Fourteenth Amendment and Reconstruction

The Rise and Persistence of Racial Oppression

  PATHWAYS PROFILE: Fred Korematsu

Litigation Strategies and School Segregation

Clarifying the Coverage of the Equal Protection Clause

  PATHWAYS OF ACTION: Restrictive Covenants

Grassroots Mobilization and Civil Rights

African Americans and Civil Rights

  PATHWAYS PAST AND PRESENT: Technology and Grassroots Mobilization

Civil Rights Legislation

Women and Civil Rights

Latinos and Civil Rights

Contemporary Civil Rights Issues

Complexity of Issues

Emerging Groups

Conclusion

7 Congress

Health, Human Services, . . . and Less Restrictive Gun Laws?

The Nature and Style of Representation

Congress and the Constitution

Redistricting

  PATHWAYS OF ACTION: The Texas Redistricting Battle

Organizing the Legislative Process

Standing Committees: The Workhorses of the Legislature

What Committees Do

Political Parties in the Legislature

Legislative Leadership

  PATHWAYS PROFILE: Congresswoman Nancy Pelosi Makes History

Legislative Rules and Norms

  PATHWAYS PAST AND PRESENT: The Caning of Senator Charles Sumner

  PATHWAYS OF ACTION: Bridges to Nowhere?

How a Bill Becomes Law

Making Laws: A Summary

Who Sits in Congress?

Gender

Race and Ethnicity

  PATHWAYS PROFILE: Congresswoman Barbara Jordan of Texas

Income and Occupation

Congressional Ethics

Conclusion

8 The Presidency

From Storyteller to Commander in Chief–in Seven Minutes

Early Concerns about Executive Power

The President and the Constitution

The Constitutional Convention

Article II and Ratification of the Constitution

The Evolution of the Presidency

Models of Presidential Power

  PATHWAYS PAST AND PRESENT: Theodore Roosevelt and the Bully Pulpit

Institutional Changes

  PATHWAYS OF ACTION: FDR Takes Charge!

  PATHWAYS PROFILE: Condoleezza Rice, Secretary of State and Political Scientist

The Changing Role of the Vice President

Informal Powers of the President

First Ladies

The Many Roles of Modern Presidents

The President as Chief of State

The President as Chief Legislator

The President as Chief Diplomat

The President as Commander in Chief

The President as Chief Executive

Presidential Greatness

Conclusion

Part Three: The American Public and the Democratic Process

9 Bureaucracy

Government and Natural Disasters

  PATHWAYS OF ACTION: Arsenic Standards for Drinking Water

Organization of the Federal Bureaucracy

Development of the Federal Bureaucracy

  PATHWAYS PAST AND PRESENT: Reorganization of the Bureaucracy

Departments

Independent Agencies, Independent Regulatory Commissions, and Government Corporations

  PATHWAYS PROFILE: Joan Claybrook

The Nature of Bureaucracy

The Image of Bureaucracy

The Advantages of Bureaucracy

The Problems of Government Bureaucracy

Reform of the Bureaucracy

The Lobbying Pathway and Policymaking

The Bureaucracy and Legislation

  PATHWAYS PROFILE: Jeffrey N. Shane

The Bureaucracy and Information

Regulations

Quasi-Judicial Processes

Oversight and Accountability

Conclusion

10 Political Socialization and Public Opinion

Change in Action: Views of Homosexuality

Public Opinion

Fundamental Values

The Stability of Political Beliefs

  PATHWAYS PAST AND PRESENT: Sexism Reconsidered

The Impact of Popular Culture on Political Opinions and Values

The Power of Popular Culture

From Values to Ideology

  PATHWAYS PROFILE: New College Conservatives

Political Socialization

Family

School

Peers and Community

Religion

The Media

Impact of Events

Social Groups and Political Values

Economic Bases of Partisanship and Public Opinion

Education

Religion

  PATHWAYS PROFILE: Jim Wallis

Race and Ethnicity

Gender

Measuring Public Opinion

Use of Polls

History of Polling

  PATHWAYS PROFILE: George Gallup

Modern Polling Techniques

Survey Research

Controversies Surrounding Polling

Conclusion

11 The Politics of the Media

Media and Cultural Change

Mass Media

History of Mass Media

Print Media

Electronic Media

  PATHWAYS PROFILE: Edward R. Murrow

Functions of the Media

Entertainment

  PATHWAYS PAST AND PRESENT: The Role of Profits

Social Effects of the Media

  PATHWAYS PROFILE: Dorothea Lange, Photojournalist

  PATHWAYS PROFILE: The Typical Journalist

Political Use of Media

How Politicians Make the News

How Journalists Report the News

  PATHWAYS OF ACTION: The Strategic Use of Leaks

How Groups Use the Media

The Media and the Public in the Political Arena

Media in Campaigns

Global Issues

Narrowcasting

Concentration and Centralization of Ownership

Governmental Regulations

The Right to Privacy

Rules regarding Content and Ownership

Challenges Related to the New Media

Conclusion

12 Civic and Political Engagement

Citizens in Action, Rocking the Vote

Activism and Protest in the United States: A Brief History

Protest in Colonial America

The Right to Revolt

Influencing the Government through Mobilization and Participation

Constitutional Guarantees for Citizen Activism and Mobilization

Early Social Movements: The First National Groups Emerge, 1830s—1890

The Abolitionist Movement

  PATHWAYS PROFILE: Frederick Douglass

The Women’s Rights Movement: The First Wave

  PATHWAYS PROFILE: Alice Stokes Paul

The Prohibition Movement

Progressive Era Movements, 1890s—1920

The Rise of Labor Unions

Business Groups and Trade Associations

New Politics: Mass Movements of the Modern Era

Vietnam and the Antiwar Movement

The Civil Rights Movement

The Women’s Rights Movement: The Second Wave

  PATHWAYS OF ACTION: The Equal Rights Amendment

The Gay Rights Movement

Conservative Christian Groups

Pathways Profile: James Dobson

Older and Newer Mobilization Tactics

Theory versus Practice

Free Association and Expression versus National Security

9/11 and the USA Patriot Act

Freedom, Activism, and Public Opinion

The Age of Apathy?

  PATHWAYS OF ACTION: Youth Groups

Conclusion

13 Interest Groups

The Power of the National Rifle Association

The Role of Interest Groups in the Policy Process

What Are Interest Groups?

  PATHWAYS OF ACTION: LULAC

Functions of Interest Groups in a Democratic Society

The Interest Group Explosion

  PATHWAYS PROFILE: Ralph Nader

Types of Interest Groups

Bias in Representation: Who Participates?

Difficulties in Mobilization

Overcoming Organizational Barriers

The Role of Interest Group Leaders

  PATHWAYS PROFILE: Bruce S. Gordon

Inside and Outside Lobbying

  PATHWAYS OF ACTION: The K Street Project

  PATHWAYS PROFILE: Recording Artists Coalition

Outside Lobbying

Lobbying Other Groups and Forming Alliances

Grassroots Mobilization

Grassroots Lobbying Tactics

Campaign Activities

  PATHWAYS PAST AND PRESENT: Traditional Volunteers versus Paid Professionals

The Importance of Money in Mobilization

Uses of Money

Fundraising Tactics

Interest Group Influence

Conclusion

14 Elections and Political Participation in America

How Much for That Senate Seat?

Elections and Democratic Theory

Republicanism and Different Ways to Select Leaders

Elections as an Expression of Popular Will

Stability and Legitimacy

  PATHWAYS OF ACTION: The Power of the Purple Finger

Civic Education

Fulfilling One’s Civic Duty

A Safety Valve

The Limitations of Elections

Elections as a Placebo

A Poor Measure of Public Sentiment

The Atomization of Politics

Constricting the Pool of Public Officials

A Broken Process?

Elections and the Law

The Electoral College

  PATHWAYS PAST AND PRESENT: Four Winners Who Lost

Amendments to the Constitution and the Electoral Process

Voting and Legislative Acts

Referendums, Initiatives, and Recalls

The Future of the Ballot Initiative as a Pathway of Change

The Role of Money in Elections

  PATHWAYS PROFILE: Two Innovative Campaign Operatives

The Rage for Reform

Political Action Committees

The Incumbent Fundraising Advantage

Reforming the Reforms: BCRA

The Ironies of Money and Politics

Levels of Political Participation

The Shrinking Electorate

Why Has Turnout Declined?

  PATHWAYS PROFILE: Mark Shield–“This I Believe”

Voting and Demographic Characteristics

Are Young Voters Tuning Out?

Are They Getting the Message? Young Voters in the 2004 and 2006 Elections

  PATHWAYS PROFILE: Citizen Change: Puffy Gets Political

Conclusion

Appendices

1 Declaration of Independence of the Thirteen Colonies

2 The Constitution of the United States

3 The Federalist, No. 10, James Madison

4 The Federalist, No. 51, James Madison

5 The Gettysburg Address, Abraham Lincoln

6 I Have a Dream, Martin Luther King

7 Presidents and Congresses

8 Supreme Court Justices

9 ABC News Video Student Guide

Glossary

Notes

Credits

Index