Light and Skin Interactions: Simulations for Computer Graphics Applications Book

Acknowledgements

List of figures

Nomenclature

Acronyms

Chapter 1 Introduction 1

Chapter 2 Light, optics, and appearance 5

2.1 Light as radiation 5

2.2 Optics concepts 8

2.3 Light interactions with matter 13

2.3.1 Emission 13

2.3.2 Scattering 15

2.3.3 Absorption 16

2.4 Radiometric quantities 19

2.5 Tissue optics definitions and terminology 20

2.6 Measurement of appearance 25

2.6.1 Measuring the spectral distribution of light 27

2.6.2 Measuring the spatial distribution of light 29

Chapter 3 Image-synthesis context 33

3.1 Global light transport 35

3.1.1 Monte Carlo concepts 37

3.1.2 Path tracing overview 38

3.2 Local light transport 41

3.2.1 The Kubelka-Munk methods 42

3.2.2 Monte Carlo methods 43

3.3 Techniques for model evaluation 48

3.3.1 Actual and virtual spectrophotometry 48

3.3.2 Actual and virtual goniophotometry 53

3.4 Color conversion 56

Chapter 4 Bio-optical properties of human skin 61

4.1 Structural and biophysical characteristics 61

4.2 Spectral signatures 67

4.3 Scattering profiles 69

4.4 Interactions with invisible light 74

4.4.1 Ultraviolet domain 74

4.4.2 Infrared domain 77

4.4.3 Terahertz domain 79

Chapter 5 Simulations in health and life sciences 81

5.1 Scope of applications 82

5.2 Kubelka-Munk theory-based models 83

5.3 Diffusion theory-based models 86

5.4 Radiative transport models 89

5.5 Monte Carlo-based models 91

Chapter 6 Biophysically inspired approach 99

6.1 The multiple-layer scattering model 100

6.1.1 Overview 100

6.1.2 Scattering simulation 101

6.1.3 Implementation issues 103

6.1.4 Strengths and limitations 104

6.1.5 Extensions 105

6.2 The discrete-ordinate model 106

6.2.1 Overview 106

6.2.2 Scattering simulation 107

6.2.3 Implementation issues 109

6.2.4 Strengths and limitations 110

Chapter 7 First principles approach 113

7.1 Overview 114

7.2 Scattering simulation 114

7.2.1 Surface reflection 116

7.2.2 Subsurface reflection and transmission 117

7.3 Absorption simulation 118

7.4 Implementation issues 121

7.5 Strengths and limitations 121

Chapter 8 Diffusion approximation approach 129

8.1 Overview 130

8.2 Scattering simulation 131

8.3 Implementation issues 133

8.4 Strengths and limitations 134

8.5 Evolution of diffusion approximation-based models 136

Chapter 9 Simulation challenges 141

9.1 Input data issues 141

9.2 Modeling issues 143

9.3 Evaluation issues 143

9.4 Performance issues 145

Chapter 10 Beyond computer graphics applications 147

References 149

Index 167