Introduction to Sensors for Ranging and Imaging Book

Chapter 1: Introduction to Sensing

1.1 Introduction

1.2 A Brief History of Sensing

1.3 Passive Infrared Sensing

1.4 Sensor Systems


1.5 Frequency Band Allocations for the Electromagnetic Spectrum

1.6 Frequency Band Allocations for the Acoustic Spectrum

1.7 References

Chapter 2: Signal Processing and Modulation

2.1 The Nature of Electronic Signals

2.2 Noise

2.3 Signals

2.4 Signals and Noise in the Frequency Domain

2.5 Sampled Signals

2.6 Filtering

2.7 Analog Modulation and Demodulation


2.8 Frequency Modulation (FM)


2.9 Linear Frequency Modulation

2.10 Pulse Coded Modulation Techniques

2.11 Convolution

2.12 References



Chapter 3: IR Radiometers & Image Intensifiers

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Thermal Emission

3.3 Emissivity and Reflectivity

3.4 Detecting Thermal Radiation

3.5 Heating


3.6 Performance Criteria for Detectors

3.7 Noise Processes and Effects

3.8 Applications

3.9 Introduction to Thermal Imaging Systems

3.10 Performance Measures for Infrared Imagers

3.11 Target Detection and Recognition

3.12 Thermal Imaging Applications

3.13 Image Intensifiers

3.14 References



Chapter 4: Millimeter Wave Radiometers

4.1 Antenna Power Temperature Correspondence


4.2 Brightness Temperature


4.3 Apparent Temperature

4.4 Atmospheric Effects

4.5 Terrain Brightness

4.6 Worked Example: Space-basedRadiometer

4.7 Antenna Considerations

4.8 Receiver Considerations

4.9 The System Noise Temperature

4.10 Radiometer Temperature Sensitivity


4.11 Radiometer Implementation

4.12 Intermediate Frequency and Video Gain Requirements


4.13 Worked Example: Anti Tank Submunition Sensor Design

4.14 Radiometric Imaging

4.15 Applications

4.16 References



Chapter 5: Active Ranging Sensors

5.1 Overview


5.2 Triangulation

5.3 Pulsed Time-of-Flight Operation

5.4 Pulsed Range Measurement


5.5 Other Methods to Measure Range


5.6 The Radar Range Equation

5.7 The Acoustic Range Equation


5.8 TOF Measurement Considerations


5.9 Range Measurement Radar for a Cruise

5.10 References

Chapter 6: Active Imaging Sensors

6.1 Imaging Techniques

6.2 Range-Gate limited 2D Image Construction

6.3 Beamwidth Limited 3D Image Construction

6.4 The Lidar Range Equation


6.5 Lidar System Performance

6.6 Digital Terrain Models

6.7 Airborne Lidar Hydrography

6.8 3D Imaging


6.9 Acoustic Imaging

6.10 Worked Example: Lidar Locust Tracker

6.11 References



Chapter 7: Signal Propagation

7.1 The Sensing Environment

7.2 Attenuation of Electromagnetic Waves

7.3 Refraction of Electromagnetic Waves

7.4 Acoustics and Vibration

7.5 Attenuation of Sound in Water


7.6 Reflection and Refraction of Sound

7.7 Multipath Effects

7.8 References



Chapter 8: Target and Clutter Characteristics


8.1 Introduction

8.2 Target Cross-Section

8.3 Radar Cross-sections (RCS)


8.4 RCS of Simple Shapes

8.5 Radar Cross-section of Complex Targets

8.6 Effect of Target Material

8.7 RCS of Living Creatures

8.8 Fluctuations in Radar Cross-section


8.9 Radar Stealth

8.10 Target Cross-section in the Infrared

8.11 Acoustic Target Cross-section

8.12 Clutter

8.13 Calculating Surface Clutter Backscatter

8.14 Calculating Volume Backscatter

8.15 Sonar Clutter and Reverberation

8.16 Worked Example: Orepass Radar Development

8.17 References

Chapter 9: Detection of Signals in Noise

9.1 Receiver Noise

9.2 Effects of Signal-to-noise Ratio

9.3 The Matched Filter

9.4 Coherent Detection

9.5 Integration of Pulse Trains

9.6 Detection of Fluctuating Signals

9.7 Detecting Targets in Clutter

9.8 Constant False Alarm Rate (CFAR) Processors

9.9 Target Detection Analysis

9.10 Noise Jamming

9.11 References

Chapter 10: Doppler Measurement

10.1 The Doppler Shift

10.2 Doppler Geometry

10.3 Doppler Shift Extraction

10.4 Pulsed Doppler

10.5 Doppler Sensors

10.6 Doppler Target Generator

10.7 Case Study: Estimating the Speed of Radio Controlled Aircraft

10.8 References



Chapter 11: High Range-Resolution Techniques

11.1 Classical Modulation Techniques


11.2 Amplitude Modulation


11.3 Frequency & Phase Modulation

11.4 Phase-Coded Pulse Compression

11.5 SAW Based Pulse Compression

11.6 Step Frequency

11.7 Frequency-modulated continuous-wave Radar

11.8 Stretch

11.9 Interrupted FMCW

11.10 Sidelobes and Weighting for Linear FM Systems


11.11 High Resolution Radar Systems

11.12 Worked Example: Brimstone Antitank Missile

11.13 References


Chapter 12: High Angular-Resolution Techniques

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Phased Arrays

12.3 The Radiation Pattern

12.4 Beam Steering

12.5 Array Characteristics

12.6 Applications

12.7 Sidescan Sonar

12.8 Worked Example: Performance of the ICT-5202 Transducer

12.9 Doppler Beam-Sharpening

12.10 Operational Principles of Synthetic Aperture

12.11 Range and Cross-range Resolution

12.12 Worked Example: Synthetic Aperture Sonar

12.13 Radar Image Quality Issues

12.14 SAR on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

12.15 Airborne SAR Capability

12.16 Space-based SAR

12.17 Magellan Mission to Venus

12.18 References

Chapter 13: Range and Angle Estimation and Tracking

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Range Estimation and Tracking

13.3 Principles of a Split-Gate Tracker

13.4 Range Tracking Loop Implementation

13.5 Ultrasonic Range Tracker Example

13.6 Tracking Noise after Filtering

13.7 Tracking Lag for an Accelerating Target

13.8 Worked Example: Range Tracker Bandwidth Optimization

13.9 Range Tracking Systems

13.10 Seduction Jamming

13.11 Angle Measurement

13.12 Angle Tracking Principles

13.13 Lobe Switching (Sequential Lobing)

13.14 Conical Scan

13.15 Infrared Target Trackers

13.16 Amplitude Comparison Monopulse

13.17 Comparison between Conscan and Monopulse

13.18 Angle Tracking Loops

13.19 Angle Estimation and Tracking Applications

13.20 Worked Example: Combined Acoustic and Infrared Tracker

13.21 Angle Track Jamming

13.22 Triangulation

13.23 References

Chapter 14: Tracking Moving Targets

14.1 Track While Scan

14.2 The Coherent Pulsed Tracking Radar

14.3 Limitations to MTI Performance

14.4 Range-Gated Pulsed Doppler Tracking

14.5 Co-ordinate Frames

14.6 Antenna Mounts and Servo Systems

14.7 On-Axis Tracking

14.8 Tracking in Cartesian Space

14.9 Worked Example: Fire Control Radar

14.10 References

Chapter 15: RFID Tags and Transponders

15.1 Principle of Operation

15.2 History

15.3 Secondary Surveillance Radar

15.4 Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Systems

15.5 Other Applications

15.6 Social Issues

15.7 Technical Challenges

15.8 Harmonic Radar

15.9 Battlefield Combat ID System (BCIS)

15.10 References

Chapter 16: Tomography and 3D Imaging

16.1 Principle of Operation

16.2 CT Imaging

16.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

16.4 MRI Images

16.5 Functional MRI Investigations of Brain Function

16.6 Positron Emission Tomography

16.7 3D Ultrasound Imaging

16.8 3D Extension

16.9 3D Sonar Imaging

16.10 Ground Penetrating Radar

16.11 Worked Example: Detecting a Ruby Nodule in a Rock Matrix

16.12 References