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Preface vii
Acknowledgments xii
Introduction xiii
1 Gaseous Matter-An Initial Perspective 1
Early Concepts of Matter 1
The Wind and Mythology 2
Archimedes of Syracuse 5
Ctesibius of Alexandria 9
Hypervelocity Gas Guns 10
Heron of Alexandria 13
Turbines 15
Harnessing the Wind for Water Transport 16
2 Physical Characteristics of Gases 19
Physical Change of State 19
Start of Modern Fluid Science 22
Scientific Units 24
Newton's Laws of Motion 25
Force, Energy, and Work 26
Concepts of Density 27
Specific Volume 29
Pressure 29
Blaise Pascal 30
Supercritical Fluid 33
Temperature 34
Rankine-The Other Absolute Temperature 36
Viscosity of Air 36
3 The Rise of the Science of Gases 39
Basic Concepts 39
Fundamentals of Thermodynamics 41
Bernoulli Principle 45
Computational Fluid Dynamics 46
Combustion Helps Scientists Understand Gases 47
Lavoisier and the Rise of Modern Chemistry 50
The Ideal Gas 52
4 Kinetic Theory of Gases 55
Revives Interest in Atomism Dalton 55
Avogadro's Bold Hypothesis 56
Basic Ideas Associated with the Kinetic Theory of Gases 57
Ludwig Boltzmann 60
Diffusion 64
Uranium Enrichment by Gaseous Diffusion 67
Compensating for Real Gas Behavior 68
Mach, Sonic Velocities, and Shock Waves 68
Shock Wave 72
Prandtl and Boundary Layer Theory 73
5 Earth's Atmosphere 75
Physical Properties and Structure of Earth's Atmosphere 75
An Astronaut's View of Earth's Atmosphere 77
The Ionosphere 80
Solar Wind 82
Pressure Variation with Altitude 83
Earth System Science 86
Gaia Hypothesis 87
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 90
Atmosphere-Hydrosphere Interactions 91
Earth's Radiation Budget 94
Svante August Arrhenius 96
Greenhouse Effect 97
6 Wind-its Power and Applications 100
Global Circulation Patterns 100
Air Masses 101
Climate Classifications 102
Paleoclimatology 107
Clouds 109
Thunderstorms 112
Tornadoes 114
Hurricanes 115
Harnessing Wind Power 117
7 Air Pollution 120
Volcanoes 120
Caution: Lungs At Work! 125
Outdoor Air Pollution 127
Paradox of Fire 129
Acid Rain 132
Aerosol 134
Indoor Air Pollution 135
Radon 135
Special Anthropogenic Pollutants 137
8 Human Flight 139
The Dream of Human Flight 140
Lighter Than Air (LTA) Craft 144
Scientific Ballooning 147
First Powered and Controlled Flight 148
Jet Aircraft 149
Gas Turbines Revolutionize Aviation 151
Rocket Planes to the Edge of the Atmosphere 155
X-1 Breaks the Sound Barrier 156
Aerospace Vehicles 157
9 Some Interesting Gases 159
Carbon Dioxide 159
Carbon Sequestration 162
Oxygen 165
Good Ozone and Bad Ozone 166
Nitrogen 168
Ammonia 169
Fluorine 170
Chlorine 171
Helium 172
Neon 173
Argon 174
Krypton 174
Xenon 175
Radon 176
10 Gases for Energy 178
Natural Gas 178
Methane Hydrates 183
Hydrogen 186
11 Conclusion 190
Appendix 193
Chronology 197
Glossary 207
Further Resources 224
Index 231
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Add Gaseous Matter, States of Matter is a six-volume set that covers many significant aspects of physical science, including atoms, the structure and properties of matter, the nature of nuclear and chemical reactions, the behavior of matter in motion, and how energy and matt, Gaseous Matter to the inventory that you are selling on WonderClubX
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Add Gaseous Matter, States of Matter is a six-volume set that covers many significant aspects of physical science, including atoms, the structure and properties of matter, the nature of nuclear and chemical reactions, the behavior of matter in motion, and how energy and matt, Gaseous Matter to your collection on WonderClub |