Fuel Cell Vehicles: Technological, Market, and Policy Issues Book

	Acknowledgments	vii
	Summary	ix
	Technological Promise	ix
	Technology Status	x
	The Deployability Gap	xii
	Competing Technologies	xiii
	Policy Implications	xv
	Toward Realizing the Promise	xvi
1.0	Introduction	1
1.1	Background	1
1.2	Motivating Questions	6
1.3	Market and Policy Context	9
1.3.1	Automotive Trends	9
1.3.2	Policy Drivers	12
1.3.3	Likely Impacts of Existing Regulations	14
1.3.4	R&D Policy	16
2.0	Overview of Fuel Cells	19
2.1	Types of Fuel Cells	19
2.2	PEM Fuel Cells	22
2.3	Applications	26
2.3.1	Battery Replacement	27
2.3.2	Commercial Power	30
2.3.3	Stationary Versus Mobile System Considerations	32
2.4	Summary of Non-Transportation Status	35
3.0	Status Assessment of Automotive Systems	37
3.1	Hydrogen PEM Stacks	37
3.1.1	Stack Performance	39
3.1.2	Stack Costs	42
3.2	Stack Auxiliaries	47
3.2.1	Air Compression	48
3.2.2	Water and Thermal Management	51
3.3	Fuel Systems	52
3.3.1	Fuel Processing	54
3.3.2	Fuel Storage	61
3.4	Electric Powertrain Components	65
3.4.1	Motors and Controllers	65
3.4.2	Electrical Energy Storage	70
3.5	Concept Vehicles	72
3.6	Performance and Cost Expectations	75
3.6.1	Fuel Choice Comparisons	79
3.6.2	Greenhouse Gas Emissions	81
3.6.3	Expectations for Cost Reduction	86
3.7	Technology Status Summary	89
4.0	Commercialization Outlook	93
4.1	Competing Technologies	93
4.1.1	Approaches to Fuel-Efficient Design	94
4.1.2	Load Reduction	98
4.1.3	Conventional Powertrain Refinements	101
4.1.4	Hybrid Electric Powertrains	105
4.1.5	Comparative Greenhouse Gas Emissions Benefits	110
4.2	Fuel Cell Vehicle Commercialization Plans	111
4.2.1	Automobiles	112
4.2.2	Buses	115
4.3	Prognosis	119
4.3.1	Implications of Fuel Barriers	120
4.3.2	Development and Product Cycle Considerations	120
5.0	Policy Implications	123
5.1	Answering the Motivating Questions	123
5.1.1	Air Quality	123
5.1.2	Petroleum Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions	126
5.1.3	Role of Market Forces	127
5.1.4	Public R&D Priorities	128
5.2	Fuel Pathway Issues	129
5.2.1	Diversity Versus Strategic Choice	130
5.2.2	Reassessing the Strategies	132
	References	137
	List of Acronyms	155
	Index	159
	About the Author	167