Five Steps to a 5: AP Biology Book

Preface     xiii
Acknowledgments     xv
How to Use This Book     1
The Basics     3
Organization of the Book     3
Introduction to the Five-Step Program     4
Three Approaches to Preparing for the AP Biology Exam     5
Calendar for Each Plan     7
Introduction to the Graphics Used in This Book     9
What You Need to Know About the AP Biology Exam     11
Background of the Advanced Placement Program     13
Who Writes the AP Biology Exam     13
The AP Grades and Who Receives Them     13
Reasons for Taking the AP Biology Exam     13
Questions Frequently Asked about the AP Biology Exam     14
Tips for Taking the AP Biology Exam     17
Getting Started: The Diagnostic Exam     19
Comprehensive Review     31
Chemistry     33
Introduction     33
Elements, Compounds, Atoms, and Ions     33
Lipids, Carbohydrates, and Proteins     35
Enzymes     39
pH: Acids and Bases     40
Reactions     41
Review Questions     42
Answers and Explanations     43
RapidReview     44
Cells     45
Introduction     45
Types of Cells     45
Organelles     45
Cell Membranes: Fluid Mosaic Model     47
Types of Cell Transport     48
Review Questions     50
Answers and Explanations     51
Rapid Review     52
Respiration     54
Introduction     54
Aerobic Respiration     54
Anaerobic Respiration     60
Review Questions     62
Answers and Explanations     62
Rapid Review     63
Photosynthesis     65
Introduction     65
The Players in Photosynthesis     65
Reactions of Photosynthesis     67
Types of Photosynthesis     71
Review Questions     73
Answers and Explanations     74
Rapid Review     75
Cell Division     77
Introduction     77
Cell Division in Prokaryotes     77
The Cell Cycle     77
Mitosis     78
Control of Cell Division     80
Haploid versus Diploid Organisms     80
Meiosis      81
Life Cycles     83
Sources of Cell Variation     84
Review Questions     85
Answers and Explanations     86
Rapid Review     87
Heredity     89
Introduction     89
Terms Important in Studying Heredity     89
Mendel and His Peas     90
Intermediate Inheritance     92
Other Forms of Inheritance     92
Sex Determination and Sex Linkage     94
Linkage and Gene Mapping     95
Heads or Tails?     96
Pedigrees     97
Common Disorders     99
Chromosomal Complications     99
Review Questions     100
Answers and Explanations     102
Rapid Review     105
Molecular Genetics     107
Introduction     107
DNA Structure and Function     107
RNA Structure and Function     107
Replication of DNA     108
Transcription of DNA     111
RNA Processing     112
Translation of RNA     112
Gene Expression     113
The Genetics of Viruses     115
The Genetics of Bacteria     116
Genetic Engineering     118
Review Questions     120
Answers and Explanations     121
Rapid Review     123
Evolution     125
Introduction     125
Definition of Evolution     125
Natural Selection     126
Lamarck and Darwin     127
Adaptations     128
Types of Selection     128
Evolution Patterns     130
Sources of Variation     130
Speciation     131
When Evolution Is not Occurring: Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium     132
The Evidence for Evolution     133
Macroevolution     134
How Life Probably Emerged     135
Review Questions     137
Answers and Explanations     138
Rapid Review     139
Taxonomy and Classification     141
Introduction     141
Five or Six Kingdoms?     141
Kingdom Monera     142
Endosymbiotic Theory     143
Kingdom Protista     143
Kingdom Plantae     145
Kingdom Fungi     148
Kingdom Animalia     148
Review Questions     151
Answers and Explanations     152
Rapid Review     152
Plants     155
Introduction     155
Anatomy of Plants     155
Roots     156
The Shoot System     157
Plant Hormones     158
Plant Tropisms     159
Photoperiodism     159
Go with the Flow: Osmosis, Capillary Action, Cohesion-Tension Theory, and Transpiration     160
The Changing of the Guard: Regulating Stomata Activity     161
"Move over, Sugar": Carbohydrate Transport through Phloem     161
Review Questions     161
Answers and Explanations     162
Rapid Review     163
Human Physiology     165
Introduction     165
Circulatory System     165
Respiratory System     167
Digestive System     168
Control of the Internal Environment     169
Nervous System     173
Muscular System     174
Endocrine System     177
Immune System     180
Review Questions     182
Answers and Explanations     183
Rapid Review      184
Human Reproduction     187
Introduction     187
Sex Differences     187
Anatomy     187
Embryonic Development     191
The Influence of Hormones     194
Review Questions     195
Answers and Explanations     196
Rapid Review     197
Behavioral Ecology and Ethology     199
Introduction     199
Types of Animal Learning     199
Animal Movement     200
Animal Communication     202
Review Questions     203
Answers and Explanations     204
Rapid Review     204
Ecology in Further Detail     207
Introduction     207
Population Ecology and Growth     207
Life History Strategies     210
Community and Succession     211
Trophic Levels     214
Biomes     215
Biogeochemical Cycles     217
Review Questions     218
Answers and Explanations     219
Rapid Review     221
Laboratory Review     223
Introduction     223
Diffusion and Osmosis     223
Enzyme Catalysis     225
Mitosis and Meiosis     226
Plant Pigments and Photosynthesis     227
Cell Respiration     229
Molecular Biology     230
Genetics of Organisms     232
Population Genetics and Evolution     233
Transpiration     234
Physiology of the Circulatory System     235
Animal Behavior     236
Dissolved Oxygen and Aquatic Primary Productivity     236
Review Questions     237
Answers and Explanations     238
Rapid Review     239
Free-Response Review     242
Introduction     242
The Basics     242
Some Helpful Tips     243
Practice Free-Response Test #1     245
Practice Free-Response Test #2     249
Practice Free-Response Test #3     253
Practice Free-Response Test #4     258
Practice Makes Perfect!     263
AP Biology Practice Exam 1     265
AP Biology Practice Exam 2     292
Appendix     319
Bibliography     321
Websites     322
Glossary     323