Essential Logic: Basic Reasoning Skills for the Twenty-First Century Book

Preface Introduction
Chapter 1 - Why Study Logic
Logic as a Defensive Tool Deductive Reasoning Valid, Invalid, and Sound Arguments Logic and Belief Testing Key Terminology Concept Summary Exercises
Chapter 2 - Arguments and Language
Recognizing Arguments Other Uses of Language Meaning and Clarification What is Truth?
Key Terminology Concept Summary Exercises
Chapter 3 - Inductive Reasoning and Reasonable Beliefs
Deduction and Induction Induction and Reliable Beliefs Induction: A Case Study Logic and Creativity Key Terminology Concept Summary Exercises
Chapter 4 - Informal Fallacies I
Introduction The Value of Abstraction Fallacies of Relevance Appeal to Popularity Appeal to Authority Traditional Wisdom Provincialism Appeal to Loyalty Two Wrongs Make a Right Ad Hominem Abusive and Circumstantial Irrelevant Reason Key Terminology Concept Summary Exercises
Chapter 5 - Informal Fallacies II
Introduction Fallacies of Questionable Premise Slippery Slope Questionable Dilemma Straw Person Fallacies of Weak Induction Hasty Conclusion Questionable Cause Appeal to Ignorance Fallacies of Presumption Begging the Question Complex Question Ambiguity-Equivocation Questionable Analogy Suppressed Evidence Key Terminology Concept Summary Exercises
Chapter 6 - Logic and Hope
Exercises
Chapter 7 - Symbolic Translation
Introduction Logical Connectives Usage Dictionary of Logical Connectives Exercise I Exercise II Complex Translations, the Use of Parentheses, and Arguments Exercise III Exercise IV Exercise V
Chapter 8 - Bit Brains Logical Connectives, and Truth Tables
Introduction Symbolic Pictures of Logical Connectives: And, Or, and Not
Exercise I Logical Connectives Continued: If . . . then . . . and If and only if
Exercise II Short Cuts and Human Learning Truth Tables, Validity, and Logical Pictures Exercise III Exercise IV Argument Forms and Variables Exercise V Brief Truth Tables Exercise VI
Chapter 9 - Symbolic Trails and Formal Proofs of Validity
Introduction Constructing Formal Proofs of Validity Step 1: Recognizing Forms: Copi's "Nine" Rules of Inference Step 1 Exercises Strategies for Pattern Recognition Step 2: Justifying Reasoning Trails with the Rules of Inference Step 2 Exercises Step 3: On Your Own, Constructing Formal Proofs with the Rules of Inference Step 3 Exercises Translations and Formal Proofs
Chapter 10 - Symbolic Trails and Formal Proofs of Validity, Part 2
Introduction Application Practice The Nineteen Rules Step 4: Rules of Replacement Exercises Commonsense Origins Strategies for Pattern Recognition Revisited Step 5 Exercises Subroutines Direction, Strategies, and Working Backward Step 6 Exercises Brief Truth Tables Revisited and Decision Strategies Translation and Formal Proof Exercises Holiday Adventures Clarification Exercises
Chapter 11 - Other Logical Tools: Syllogisms and Quantification
Introduction Syllogisms and Quantification Logic Usage Dictionary Dictionary Elaboration Exercise I Proving Validity in Quantification Logic The Square of Opposition and Change of Quantifier Rules Exercise II Exercise III Exercise IV Exercise V Exercise VI Exercise VII Final Note
Chapter 12 - Frontiers of Logic--Fuzzy Logic: Can Aristotle and Buddha Get Along?
Introduction Bivalent Logic and Paradoxes Fuzzy Interpretations and Degrees of Truth Fuzzy Conditionals and Fuzzy Validity Resolution of Paradoxes and Implications Philosophy: What about reality?
Exercise I Exercises II-IV Exercises V