Discovering Literature : Stories, Poems, Plays Book

(NOTE: Each chapter contains a “Writing about Literature” and “Writing Focus” section.)

Introduction: The Promise of Literature.

Interacting with Literature. Writing about Literature. Searching Online Sources.

FICTION.

1. PREVIEW: The World of Fiction.

(Setting) Mericans, Sandra Cisneros. (Character) Wants, Grace Paley. (Plot) Why the Tortoise's Shell Is Not Smooth, Chinua Achebe. (Point of View) Say Yes, Tobias Wolff. (Symbol) Yours, Mary Robison. (Theme) The Wolf and the Lamb, Aesop. (Style) Bread, Margaret Atwood.

2. SETTING: Landscapes of the Mind.

Deportation at Breakfast, Larry Fondation. Araby, James Joyce. Shiloh, Bobbie Ann Mason. Swaddling Clothes, Yukio Mishima.

3. CHARACTER: The Buried Self.

Stockings, Tim O'Brien. The Third Thing That Killed My Father Off, Raymond Carver. Boys and Girls, Alice Munro. The Red Convertible, Louise Erdrich. Paper Pills, Sherwood Anderson. Girl, Jamaica Kincaid.

4. PLOT: The Chain of Events.

Homage for Isaac Babel, Doris Lessing. The Magic Barrel, Bernard Malamud. The Lottery, Shirley Jackson. A Rose for Emily, William Faulkner.

5. POINT OF VIEW: Windows on the World.

Vanka, Anton Chekov. Stalking, Joyce Carol Oates. I Stand Here Ironing, Tillie Olsen. The Jilting of Granny Weatherall, Katherine Anne Porter.

6. SYMBOL: The Eloquent Image.

Snow, Ann Beattie. The Chrysanthemums, John Steinbeck. The Real Woman in “The Chrysanthemums,” Stanley Renner. Steinbeck's Strong Women and “The Chrysanthemums,” Marilyn H. Mitchell. The Yellow Wallpaper, Charlotte Perkins Gilman. The Handsomest Drowned Man in the World, Gabriel García Márquez.

7. THEME: The Search for Meaning.

The Censors, Luisa Valenzuela. Everyday Use, Alice Walker. The Open Boat, Stephen Crane. Young Goodman Brown, Nathaniel Hawthorne.

8. STYLE: The Writer's Voice.

Love, Your Only Mother, David Michael Kaplan. Hills like White Elephants, Ernest Hemingway. The Enormous Radio, John Cheever. The Country Doctor, Franz Kafka. The Standard of Living, Dorothy Parker. The Lesson, Toni Cade Bambara.

9. A WRITER IN DEPTH: Flannery O'Connor.

A Good Man Is Hard to Find, Everything That Rises Must Converge, Enoch and the Gorilla, Flannery O'Connor. Juxtaposition: On “A Good Man Is Hard to Find,” Flannery O'Connor. A Self-Portrait in Letters, Joyce Carol Oates. Beyond the Peacock, Alice Walker. The Mystery of Love, Richard Giannone.

10. CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES: The Reader's Response.

The Psychoanalytic Kafka, James M. McGlathery. The Marxist Kafka, Ernst Fischer. Kafka: A Feminist Perspective, Evelyn Torton Beck. Biography of a Story, Shirley Jackson. Trying to Stay Centered [Interview], Toni Cade Bambara. Symbolism in “Hills like White Elephants,” Stanley Kozikowski. Enclosure and Escape: Gilman's “The Yellow Wallpaper,” Sandra M. Gilbert and Susan Gubar. “Young Goodman Brown”: Id versus Superego, Wilfred L. Guerin.

11. OTHER VOICES/OTHER VISIONS.

A Festival of Classic Stories.

The Black Cat, Edgar Allan Poe. Looking Back, Guy de Maupassant. The Outcasts of Poker Flat, Bret Harte. A White Heron, Sarah Orne Jewett. An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge, Ambrose Bierce. An Outpost of Progress, Joseph Conrad. To Build a Fire, Jack London. Paul's Case, Willa Cather. The Horse-Dealer's Daughter, D.H. Lawrence. Roman Fever, Edith Wharton.

A World of Stories.

Snow, Julia Alvarez. The School, Donald Barthelme. Donald Duk and the White Monsters, Frank Chin. The Story of an Hour, Kate Chopin. The Ingrate, Paul Laurence Dunbar. Mister Toussan, Ralph Ellison. The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas, Ursula K. Le Guin. 1920, Toni Morrison. A Wife's Story, Bharati Mukherjee. Yellow Woman, Leslie Marmon Silko. Two Kinds, Amy Tan. Average Waves in Unprotected Waters, Anne Tyler. Recuerdo, Guadalupe Valdés. A Visit of Charity, Eudora Welty.

POETRY.

12. PREVIEW: The Voice of Poetry.

Separation, W.S. Merwin. Lost, David Wagoner. For a Coming Extinction, W.S. Merwin. Snowy Egret, Bruce Weigl. Elegy for the Giant Tortoises, Margaret Atwood. (Image) Presentiment, Emily Dickinson. (Metaphor) Time and the Weather, Donald Justice. (Symbol) Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening, Robert Frost. (Rhyme) The Snail, William Cowper. (Meter) The Eagle, Alfred, Lord Tennyson. (Rhythm) A Noiseless Patient Spider, Walt Whitman. (Open Form) Truth, Gwendolyn Brooks. (Theme) From A Satirical Romance, Juana Inés de la Cruz. Sometimes in Winter, Linda Pastan. Valediction, Seamus Heaney. New Face, Alice Walker. Disillusionment of Ten O'Clock, Wallace Stevens. Reading “Disillusionment of Ten O'Clock,” Irving Howe. This Is Just to Say, William Carlos Williams. Men at Forty, Donald Justice. Women at Thirty, Maurya Simon. An Old Quiet Pond, Basho. Whether I Sit or Lie, Ukihashi. Grasshoppers, Kawai Chigetsu-Ni. How Long Will It Last?, Lady Horikawa.

13. PATTERN: The Whole Poem.

Ecclesiastes 3:1-8. The Genius, Archibald MacLeish. The Peace of Wild Things, Wendell Berry. Between Walls, William Carlos Williams. The Possessive, Sharon Olds. Legacy II, Leroy V. Quintana. The Darkling Thrush, Thomas Hardy. Frog Autumn, Sylvia Plath. Solace, Dorothy Parker. A Major Work, William Meredith. From The Vanity of All Worldly Things, Anne Bradstreet. October 1954, Kay Boyle. New World, N. Scott Momaday. A Lecture upon the Shadow, John Donne. Simple Song, Marge Piercy. The Story, Lisel Mueller. A Black Man Talks of Reaping, Arna Bontemps. Oranges, Gary Soto. Junk Mail, James Laughlin. Fire and Ice, Robert Frost. Novella, Adrienne Rich.

14. IMAGE: The Open Eye.

Sunday at the Apple Market, Peter Meinke. The Plum, Nan Fry. At the Bomb Testing Site, William Stafford. The Black Snake, Mary Oliver. My Papa's Waltz, Theodore Roethke. Laughter, Philip Schultz. The Old Falling Down, Ursula K. Le Guin. Those Winter Sundays, Robert Hayden. One Home, William Stafford. Freeway 280, Lorna Dee Cervantes. The Vietnam Wall, Alberto Rios. Reflection on the Vietnam War Memorial, Jeffrey Harrison. Childhood Is the Kingdom Where Nobody Dies, Edna St. Vincent Millay. California Hills in August, Dana Gioia. To Autumn, John Keats. Preludes, T.S. Eliot. Advice I Wish Someone Had Given Me, Ann Darr. River Song, Warren Woessner. The Yellow House, Locklin. Girl Powdering Her Neck, Cathy Song. Vermeer, Stephen Mitchell. On “Bananas and Grapefruit #3,” Deborah Pope. Classic Scene, William Carlos Williams. Kambara, Steve Sano (student). Organization, Paula Mangin (student).

15. METAPHOR: Making Connections.

Anger, Linda Pastan. Question, May Swenson. “Hope” is the thing with feathers, Emily Dickinson. Silos, Rita Dove. A Red, Red Rose, Robert Burns. Dream Deferred, Langston Hughes. The Great Gull, Howard Nemerov. Apparently with no surprise, Emily Dickinson. In the Middle of August, Edward Hirsch. My Galley Charged with Forgetfulness, Thomas Wyatt. Sonnet 73, William Shakespeare. La Casa, Rosemary Catacalos. Sonnet 29, William Shakespeare. Metaphors, Sylvia Plath. A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning, John Donne.

16. SYMBOL: A World of Meanings.

Colibrí, Martín Espada. The Other House, David Wagoner. They, Donald Finkel. To One Steeped in Bitterness, Denise Levertov. Persimmons, Li-Young Lee. Ozymandias, Percy Bysshe Shelley. The Tyger, William Blake. Aunt Jennifer's Tigers, Adrienne Rich. Sailing to Byzantium, William Butler Yeats. To Drink, Gabriela Mistral. Uphill, Christina Rossetti. A Poison Tree, William Blake. Refugee Ship, Lorna Dee Cervantes. Dover Beach, Matthew Arnold. Bright Star, John Keats. my mama moved among the days, Lucille Clifton. Wind and Water and Stone, Octavio Paz. Nighthawks, Sue Standing. Dragon Vase, 15th Century, Ming Dynasty, Locklin. Red Poppy, Christopher Buckley. From Above, Angela Johnson. The Great Figure, William Carlos Williams. Girls on the Bridge, Mahon. Frenzied Movement: Jackson Pollock's #1, Tom Hauber (student). How Real Are Dreams, John Reidy (student).

17. WORDS: The Web of Language.

Bathtubs, Three Varieties, Jeffrey Harrison. Fixer of Midnight, Reuel Denney. The Dance, William Carlos Williams. For Poets, Al Young. The Red Wheelbarrow, William Carlos Williams. The Fish, Elizabeth Bishop. Pied Beauty, Gerard Manley Hopkins. Reading Hopkins' “Pied Beauty,” Richard Wilbur. Poem, Charles Simic. Composed upon Westminster Bridge, September 3, 1802, William Wordsworth. London, William Blake. Cargoes, John Masefield. Peace, Gerard Manley Hopkins. On First Looking into Chapman's Homer, John Keats. Fern Hill, Dylan Thomas. Weep and Wail No More, Hugh MacDiarmid. The End, Mark Strand. Dreams of the Animals, Margaret Atwood. The Windhover, Gerard Manley Hopkins. Lost Tribe, Wole Soyinka. A Gathering of Deafs, John Heaviside.

18. FORM: Rhyme, Meter, and Stanza.

The Hunter, Ogden Nash. Old Mary, Gwendolyn Brooks. Black Is the Color, American Folk Song. A Description of the Morning, Jonathan Swift. The Soul selects her own Society, Emily Dickinson. Sonnet 30, William Shakespeare. Dust of Snow, Robert Frost. To –––-, Percy Bysshe Shelley. O Taste and See, Denise Levertov. O Mistress Mine, William Shakespeare. Under the Greenwood Tree, William Shakespeare. The Ballad of the Red Fox, Melvin Walker La Follette. One Art, Elizabeth Bishop. When I Consider How My Light Is Spent, John Milton. I, Being Born a Woman and Distressed, Edna St. Vincent Millay. It Is a Beauteous Evening, William Wordsworth. Her Kind, Anne Sexton. I Go Back to May 1937, Sharon Olds. How to Build an Owl, Kathleen Lynch. Comfort Food, Edward Wolf. The Panther (trans. by Hans P. Guth), Rainer Maria Rilke. The Panther (trans. by Robert Bly), Rainer Maria Rilke. Lord Randal, Popular Ballad. Marriage Is a Lovely Thing, Christine De Pisan. I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud, William Wordsworth. A Litany in Time of Plague, Thomas Nashe. The Waking, Theodore Roethke. Impressions of Chicago; For Howlin' Wolf, Quincy Troupe.

19. PERSONA: Masks and Faces.

Flash Cards, Rita Dove. On My First Son, Ben Jonson. Nurture, Maxine Kumin. Letter to Anaktoria, Sappho. Indian Boarding School: The Runaways, Louise Erdrich. For My Father, Janice Mirikitani. How Do I Love Thee?, Elizabeth Barrett Browning. A Song in the Front Yard, Gwendolyn Brooks. In My Craft or Sullen Art, Dylan Thomas. I Understand the Large Hearts of Heroes, Walt Whitman. Coal, Audre Lorde. Cassandra, Louise Bogan. Women's Program, Marie Luise Kaschnitz. My Last Duchess, Robert Browning. My Father's Love Letters, Yusef Komunyakaa. In Mind, Denise Levertov. Mirror, Sylvia Plath.

20. TONE: The Language of the Emotions.

Song, Robert Hass. The Dream, Louise Bogan. Sonnet 18, William Shakespeare. Traveling Through the Dark, William Stafford. Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night, Dylan Thomas. Earth and I Gave You Turquoise, N. Scott Momaday. Latin Night at the Pawnshop, Martín Espada. Ringing the Bells, Anne Sexton. Moving Camp Too Far, nila northSun. The Unknown Citizen, W.H. Auden. A Glimpse, Walt Whitman. The Wayfarer, Stephen Crane. Leader, Bruce Bennett. I Have Come to the Conclusion, Nelle Fertig. Or Che 'l Ceil e la Terre e 'l Vento Tace, Francesco Petrarca. Sonnet 97, William Shakespeare. Bells for John Whiteside's Daughter, John Crowe Ransom. Holy Sonnet 10, John Donne. To His Coy Mistress, Andrew Marvell. I Sing of That Which I Would Rather Hide, Countess of Dia. Song, Sir John Suckling. To Lucasta, Going to the Wars, Richard Lovelace. Quake Theory, Sharon Olds. Leaving, Joy Harjo. Sonnet 130, William Shakespeare. The Fickle One, Pablo Neruda.

21. THEME: The Making of Meaning.

The Immigrants, Pat Mora. Freedom, William Stafford. Ars Poetica, Archibald MacLeish. When I Heard the Learned Astronomer, Walt Whitman. The Pulley, George Herbert. Holy Sonnet 5, John Donne. Dulce et Decorum Est, Wilfred Owen. Frederick Douglass, Robert Hayden. What Were They Like?, Denise Levertov. Incantation, Czeslaw Milosz. Naming of Parts, Henry Reed. The Fury of Aerial Bombardment, Richard Eberhart. Stamps, Bethlyn Madison Webster. Born Yesterday, Philip Larkin. The Mutes, Denise Levertov. Women, Alice Walker. If We Must Die, Claude McKay.

22. MYTH AND ALLUSION: Recovered Memories.

in Just-, E.E. Cummings. Leda and the Swan, William Butler Yeats. Helen, H.D. (Hilda Doolittle). Genesis 22:1-13. The Parable of the Old Men and the Young, Wilfred Owen. They Say She Is Veiled, Judy Grahn. Ode on a Grecian Urn, John Keats. To a Friend Whose Work Has Come to Triumph, Anne Sexton. The Return of Icarus, David Wagoner. The New Icarus, Vassar Miller. Landscape with the Fall of Icarus, William Carlos Williams. The Death of Marilyn Monroe, Sharon Olds. Buffalo Bill's, E.E. Cummings. The Man Who Became a Deer, Alison Hawthorne Deming. King Midas's Daughter, Maurya Simon. The World Is Too Much with Us, William Wordsworth. An Ancient Gesture, Edna St. Vincent Millay. The Sirens, Donald Finkel. The Parable of Old Men and the Young, Wilfred Owen. Testimony, Lisel Mueller. Musée des Beaux Arts, W.H. Auden. The Missing Father, Lou Lipsitz. El Icaro, Salvador Jacinto Polo de Medina. Now That I Am Forever with Child, Audre Lorde.

23. THREE POETS IN DEPTH: Dickinson, Frost, Brooks.

Ourselves were wed one summer–dear, Tell all the Truth but tell it slant, A Bird came down the Walk, The Bustle in a House, Because I could not stop for Death, I heard a Fly buzz–when I died, Emily Dickinson. Poems for Further Study: Success is counted sweetest, Her breast is fit for pearls , Wild Nights–Wild Nights!, There's a certain Slant of light, I'm Nobody! Who are you?, After great pain, a formal feeling comes, Much Madness is divinest Sense, I died for Beauty–but was scarce, Her sweet Weight on my Heart a Night, To hear an Oriole sing, I had been hungry, all the Years, A narrow fellow in the Grass, I never saw a Moor, There is no Frigate like a Book, My life closed twice before its close, Emily Dickinson. The Tuft of Flowers, Mending Wall, Design, Robert Frost. Nothing Gold Can Stay, Robert Frost. Posterity, Linda Pastan. Poems for Further Study: After Apple-Picking, The Road Not Taken, The Oven Bird, Once by the Pacific, Acquainted with the Night, Neither Out Far Nor In Deep, The Silken Tent, One Step Backward Taken, The Night Light, On Being Idolized, Robert Frost. We Real Cool, Hunchback Girl: She Thinks of Heaven, Piano after War, Mexie and Bridie, The “Chicago Defender” Sends a Man to Little Rock, Gwendolyn Brooks. Poems for Further Study: When You Have Forgotten Sunday: The Love Story, The Chicago Picasso August 15 1967, The Preacher Ruminates behind the Sermon, The Ballad of the Light-Eyed Little Girl, The Bean Eaters, The Boy Died in My Alley, Gwendolyn Brooks. For Gwen–1969, Margaret Walker.

24. PERSPECTIVES: The Age of Theory.

(Biographical) Anne Sexton: The Death Is Not the Life, Katha Pollitt. (Historical) Dylan Thomas and Romanticism, Alfred Kazin. (Formalist) A Close Reading of G. M. Hopkins' “God's Grandeur”, J.R. Watson. (Psychoanalytic) Freudian Analysis and Yeats' “Second Coming,” H. Edward Richardson and Frederick B. Shroyer. (Political) Message and Means in Jane Flanders' “The House That Fear Built,” Richard Foerster. (Feminist) A Feminist Reading of Emily Dickinson, Adelaide Morris. (Deconstructionist) Deconstructing Wordsworth's “A Slumber Did My Spirit Seal,” Geoffrey Hartman. Sylvia Plath and Pregnancy, Margaret Dickey. On Sylvia Plath's “Mirror,” Margaret Dickey. Sylvia Plath's Mirror Image, Damian Grant. Plath's Mirror, Laurence Lerner. Plath and the Critics, Katha Pollitt. Plath and the Divided Literary Tradition, Sandra M. Gilbert. Notes on the Art of Poetry, Dylan Thomas. Letting a Poem Find Its Form, Richard Wilbur. Poems Are Not Luxuries, Audre Lorde. On Experience and Imagination, Diane Wakoski. Childhood and Poetry, Pablo Neruda.

25. OTHER VOICES/OTHER VISIONS: A Gathering of Poets.

Edward, Anonymous. Sir Patrick Spens, Anonymous. At North Farm, John Ashbery. Song, Aphra Behn. Dream Song 14, John Berryman. The Chimney Sweeper, William Blake. The Lamb, William Blake. Women, Louise Bogan. The Other, Judith Ortiz Cofer. Kubla Khan, Samuel Taylor Coleridge. Fathers, Robert Creeley. my sweet old etcetera, E.E. Cummings. The Woman Painting Crates, Alison Hawthorne Deming. The Quilt, Chitra Divakaruni. The Good-Morrow, John Donne. Holy Sonnet 14, John Donne. The Love Song of Alfred J. Prufrock, T.S. Eliot. Constantly Risking Absurdity, Lawrence Ferlinghetti. A Supermarket in California, Allen Ginsberg. Gratitude, Louise Glück. My Son My Executioner, Donald Hall. In Time of “The Breaking Nations,” Thomas Hardy. The Forge, Seamus Heaney. The Collar, George Herbert. To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time, Robert Herrick. Is My Team Plowing, A.E. Houseman. Be Still, My Soul, Be Still, A.E. Houseman. To an Athlete Dying Young, A.E. Houseman. Ballad of the Landlord, Langston Hughes. End, Langston Hughes. Hawk Roosting, Ted Hughes. Ars Poetica, Vicente Huidobro. Song: To Celia, Ben Jonson. A Thing of Beauty Is a Joy Forever, John Keats. La Belle Dame sans Merci, John Keats. Ode to a Nightingale, John Keats. When I Have Fears, John Keats. Wait,. Galway Kinnell. He Sees Through Stone, Etheridge Knight. Woodchucks, Maxine Kumin. Snake, D.H. Lawrence. Conversation in Crisis, Audre Lorde. Skunk Hour, Robert Lowell. The Passionate Shepherd to His Love, Christopher Marlowe. The Definition of Love, Andrew Marvell. Charles on Fire, James Merrill. For the Anniversary of My Death, W.S. Merwin. Pity Me Not, Edna St. Vincent Millay. How Soon Hath Time, John Milton. Anthem for a Doomed Youth, Wilfred Owen. In a Station of the Metro, Ezra Pound. The River-Merchant's Wife: A Letter, Ezra Pound. The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd, Sir Walter Raleigh. Ballad of Birmingham, Dudley Randall. Eros Turannos, Edwin Arlington Robinson. I Knew a Woman, Theodore Roethke. I Expected My Skin and My Blood to Ripen, Wendy Rose. The Truth the Dead Know, Anne Sexton. Sonnet 116, William Shakespeare. To a Skylark, Percy Bysshe Shelley. After Work, Gary Snyder. Lost Sister, Cathy Song. Anecdote of the Jar, Wallace Stevens. Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird, Wallace Stevens. Eating Poetry, Mark Strand. The Golden Key, Edward Taylor. Ulysses, Alfred, Lord Tennyson. The Force That through the Green Fuse Drives the Flower, Dylan Thomas. Go, Lovely Rose. Edmund Waller. There Was a Child Went Forth, Walt Whitman. A March in the Ranks Hard-Pressed, Walt Whitman. The Writer, Richard Wilbur. Thinking about Bill, Dead of AIDS, Miller Williams. Spring and All, William Carlos Williams. Lines Composed a Few Miles above Tintern Abbey, William Wordsworth. She Dwelled among the Untrodden Ways, William Wordsworth. The Solitary Reaper, William Wordsworth. They Flee from Me, Sir Thomas Wyatt. A Bedtime Story, Mitsuye Yamada. The Second Coming, William Butler Yeats. Birthday Poem, Al Young.

DRAMA.

26. PREVIEW: The Heart of Drama.

(Situation) Museum, Tina Howe. (Character) Lady in Red, ntozake shange. (Dialogue) The Mystery at the Middle of Ordinary Life, Don Delillo. (Plot) Trifles, Susan Glaspell. (Style) How Avery Got to Be a Preacher from The Piano Lesson, August Wilson. A Doll's House, Henrik Ibsen. Ibsen and Feminism, Joan Templeton. Ibsen and Marxism, Errol Durbach.

27. GREEK TRAGEDY: The Embattled Protagonist.

Antigone, Sophocles.

28. SHAKESPEAREAN TRAGEDY: The Inner Conflict.

Hamlet, William Shakespeare. The Romantic Hamlet, Samuel Taylor Coleridge. The Renaissance Hamlet, Elmer Edgar Stoll. The Psychoanalytic Hamlet, Ernest Jones. The Feminist Hamlet: Hearing Ophelia, Sandra K. Fischer. The Experimental Hamlet, Steven Berkoff.

29. AMERICAN DRAMA: The Mirror of Reality.

Death of a Salesman, Arthur Miller. Second Thoughts about “Death of a Salesman”,Elyse Sommer. “Salesman” at 50, Arthur Miller. Arthur Miller's “Death of a Salesman”: A Celebration, Joyce Carol Oates. Women and the American Dream, Kay Stanton. Linda Loman as “The Woman,” Beverly Hume. A Raisin in the Sun, Lorraine Hansberry.

30. COMEDY: A Time for Laughter.

Tender Offer, Wendy Wasserstein. A Proposal of Marriage, Oscar Wilde. The Misanthrope, Moliére.

31. NEW DIRECTIONS: Crossing the Boundaries.

The Cryptogram, David Mamet. The Dance and the Railroad, David Henry Hwang. Everyman: A Modern Abridgment. The Buck Private, Luis Valdez.

32. PERSPECTIVES: Enter Critic.

Shakespeare's Audience and Hamlet's Father's Ghost, Eleanor Prosser. The Oedipus Complex, Sigmund Freud. Oedipus as Ritual Sacrifice, Francis Fergusson. Hamlet and Female Sexuality, Marilyn French. Deconstructing Hamlet, René Gerard. On the Perfect Plot, Aristotle. Uncommon Woman: Interview with Wendy Wasserstein, Esther Cohen. Idealism and Fatalism in “Raisin in the Sun,” David D. Cooper. Unrecovered Losses/Black Theater Traditions, ntozake shange.

33. OTHER VOICES/OTHER VISIONS: The Magic of the Stage.

Oedipus the King, Sophocles. A Midsummer Night's Dream, William Shakespeare. The Glass Menagerie, Tennessee Williams.

Biographies of Poets.

Glossary of Literary Terms.

Index of Authors, Titles, and First Lines.