Common Heritage or Common Burden?: The United States Position on the Development of a Regime for Deep Sea-Bed Mining in the Law of the Sea Convention Book

	Abbreviations	xiii
	Introduction: An Outline of the Problems	1
1.	The Build-up to UNCLOS, Pardo's Common Heritage Proposal, and the United States View on the Lawfulness of Deep Sea-bed Mining
A.	The build-up to UNCLOS	18
B.	Pardo's Common Heritage Proposal	22
C.	The United States view on the lawfulness of deep sea-bed mining	30
D.	Summary and conclusion	42
2.	Dilemmas of United States Domestic Sea-bed Politics
A.	The line-up of actors and their roles	44
1.	Actors at executive branch level	44
2.	The input of Congress	51
3.	The mining industry's role	55
4.	The United States delegation to UNCLOS	59
5.	The role of non-governmental organizations	63
6.	The role of the media	67
B.	The Interagency Task Force on the Law of the Sea and the Law of the Sea Advisory Committee	69
1.	The Interagency Task Force	69
2.	The Law of the Sea Advisory Committee	76
C.	Summary and conclusion	77
3.	Towards Domestic Sea-bed Legislation
A.	Rationale for United States sea-bed legislation	80
B.	Legislative activities, 1971-1976	83
C.	Towards government support for sea-bed legislation	86
D.	Major issues in sea-bed legislation, 1977-1978	88
E.	Activities in the 96th Congress, 1979-1980	94
F.	The Group of 77's response to United States sea-bed legislation	99
G.	Summary and conclusion	101
4.	The United States Position in Committee One at UNCLOS--Part One: the Negotiation of the System of Exploitation
A.	Introductory remarks	103
1.	Possible regulatory mechanisms for deep sea-bed mining	103
2.	The 'precedential implications' of the sea-bed negotiations and the background of the New International Economic Order	105
3.	Conference organization and procedures	109
B.	The negotiation of the system of exploitation	115
1.	UNCLOS and the 'package deal'	116
2.	The sea-bed negotiations in 1974	118
3.	The negotiation of the Informal Single Negotiating Text	121
4.	The parallel system and the negotiation of the Revised Single Negotiating Text	124
5.	Turning back the clock? The Informal Composite Negotiating Text of 1977	131
6.	'Walking back the Informal Composite Negotiating Text': The negotiations in 1978	139
7.	The negotiations in 1979 and 1980	142
5.	The United States Position in Committee One at UNCLOS--Part Two
A.	The negotiation of the financial terms of contract	148
B.	The technology transfer issue	160
C.	The issue of preparatory investment protection	169
D.	The structure of the International Sea-bed Authority	176
6.	The United States Position in Committee One at UNCLOS--Part Three: The Production Policy Debate
A.	The impact of sea-bed mining on the markets of nickel, copper, cobalt, and manganese	188
B.	The production policy debate, 1974-1977	191
C.	The production policy debate, 1978-1981	197
D.	Other potential mechanisms to assist land-based producers	202
E.	The 'strategic importance' of deep sea-bed mining	204
F.	Summary and conclusion, chapters 4-6	211
7.	The Reagan Administration's Policy Review
A.	The build-up to the review	214
B.	The announcement of the review	222
C.	The spring 1981 session and the first stages of the review	228
D.	The summer 1981 session of the conference	234
E.	The completion of the review and the build-up to the last session	240
F.	Negotiations at the final session	243
G.	The final stage of the conference and the vote	249
H.	Summary and conclusion	257
8.	The Reagan Administration's Law of the Sea Policy, 1982-1987
A.	Background to the 1983 Reagan proclamation of an Exclusive Economic Zone and the Ocean Policy Statement	261
1.	The status of the Convention's non sea-bed provisions	264
2.	The growing resource interest in the United States Exclusive Economic Zone	274
B.	United States attempts to establish an alternative regime for deep sea-bed mining	277
C.	United States attitudes towards the work of PrepCom	288
D.	Summary and conclusion	304
	Conclusion and Outlook	307
Appendix I.	Names of Persons Interviewed	319
Appendix II.	Exploration Licences Issued by United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under the Deep Sea-bed Hard Mineral Resources Act	327
	Bibliography	329
	Index	359