Combustion Residues Book

Preface ix

List of Contributors xi

1 The Current and Future Nature of Combustion Ashes Alan Thompson 1

1.1 Introduction 3

1.2 Coal: the Principal Source of Combustion Residues 5

1.3 Coal Ash: the Principal Combustion Residue 10

1.4 Other Forms of Combustion 29

1.5 Co-combustion Ashes 37

1.6 Biomass and Waste 47

1.7 Other Fuel Ashes 71

1.8 Gasification 75

1.9 Summary 78

2 Established Uses of Combustion Residues Michael Anderson Rod Jones Michael McCarthy 85

2.1 Introduction 86

2.2 Disposal Approaches for Three Prominent Combustion Residues 86

2.3 PFA and its Agricultural Applications 92

2.4 Uses of Fly Ash in Concrete 94

2.5 Application of Fly Ash in Grouts 106

2.6 Use of Fly Ash in Fill and Pavement Construction 109

2.7 PFA as an Ameliorator of Liquid and Solid Toxic Wastes 112

2.8 Commercial Building Products Incorporating PFA 116

2.9 The Use of PFA in Ceramic Products 121

3 Limitations of Combustion Ashes: 'From Threat to Profit' Henk Nugteren 137

3.1 Introduction 139

3.2 Technical Quality 141

3.3 Environmental Quality 152

3.4 Health and Safety 178

4 Novel Products and Applications with Combustion Residues 199

4.1 Introduction Henk Nugteren 199

4.2 New Developments in Cement and Concrete Applications Rod Jones Michael McCarthy 208

4.3 Combustion Residues in Heavy Clayware Building Products Michael Anderson 222

4.4 Zeolites Xavier Querol Natalia Moreno 240

4.5 Reinforcing Materials: Fibres Containing Fly Ash Flavio Cioffi 261

4.6 Glass Polyalkenoate Cements Ann Sullivan Robert Hill 276

4.7 Fire-resistant Materials Constantino Fernandez-Pereira Luis Vilches Arenas 290

4.8 Fly Ash as a Replacement forMineral Fillers in the Polymer Industry Henk Nugteren Richard Kruger 315

4.9 Geopolymers Henk Nugteren 338

4.10 Carbon Products Henk Nugteren Mercedes Maroto-Valer 355

4.11 Recovery of Values from Combustion Ashes Michael Cox 369

5 Novel Products - from Concept to Market Ian Barnes Fritz Moedinger 379

5.1 Introduction 380

5.2 Novel Products - Basic Economic Considerations 381

5.3 Specifications and Standards 384

5.4 Legislation and Taxes 387

5.5 Customer Acceptance 393

5.6 Environmental Acceptance Schemes 398

5.7 Concluding Remarks 416

Index 419