Biological indicators in environmental protection Book

1	Biological indicators of environment pollution	7
1.1	The concept of biological indicators	7
1.2	The classification of biological indicators	8
1.3	The evaluation of biological indicators	9
1.4	The programme of UNESCO	10
2	Monitoring system	12
2.1	Baseline state	12
2.2	Physical and chemical monitoring	13
2.3	Biomonitoring	13
3	International networks for monitoring environmental pollution	16
4	Biological indication at the community and ecosystem levels	19
4.1	Structure and functioning of biological systems	20
4.2	Bioindication and biomonitoring based on community structure	21
4.3	Species abundance curves	21
4.4	Diversity	23
4.5	Biotic indices	25
4.6	Multivariate methods	26
4.7	Indication and monitoring based on functional variables	30
4.8	Simultaneous study of structure and functions	32
5	Fungi	35
6	Lichens	43
6.1	The sensitivity of lichens	43
6.2	Lichens as indicator organisms	45
6.3	The indication of air pollution by lichens	53
6.4	Transplanted lichens	58
7	Bryophytes	65
7.1	Application of bryophytes	66
7.2	Bryophytes and air pollution	67
7.3	Bryophytes and radioisotopes	69
7.4	Bryophytes and heavy metals	69
8	Herbaceous (flowering) plants	76
8.1	Sensitive indicators	76
8.2	Indicators of photosmog	82
8.3	Accumulating indicators of heavy metals	88
8.4	The exposure of standardized plant species	97
9	Trees as biological indicators	100
9.1	Broad-leaved trees	100
9.2	Coniferous trees	111
10	Biological indicators of water pollution	120
10.1	Indicator species	120
10.2	Monitoring species	123
10.3	Test plants	128
11	Plant cells and tissues as indicators of environment pollution	131
11.1	The role of plant anatomy in the indication of environment pollution	131
11.2	Plant cells as indicators of environment pollution	133
11.3	The effect of environment pollution on plant tissues	144
12	The effect of pollution on the physiological processes in plants (The fundamentals of plant physiological indication of pollutants at individual level)	169
12.1	Sulphur dioxide	170
12.2	Ozone	175
12.3	Nitrogen oxides	176
12.4	Hydrogen fluoride	177
12.5	Hydrogen sulphide	178
12.6	Heavy metal pollution	181
12.7	Changes in secondary metabolic products	185
12.8	Changes in reproduction	185
13	The application of the information supplied by living organisms	192
13.1	The utilization of impact surveys in agriculture	198
	Subject Index	200