Biocatalysts in Organic Synthesis Book

	Introduction
	Abbreviations
1	Enzymes - Catalysts of Life	1
1.1	Classification of enzymes	2
1.2	Principles of the kinetics of enzymatic reactions	3
1.2.1	Inhibitors, inhibition with substrate and product	5
1.3	Effects of organic solvents on enzymes	7
1.4	Effects of temperature and pH on the stability and activity of enzymes	11
1.5	Units of enzymatic activity	12
2	The Biocatalyst Form	13
2.1	Free enzymes	13
2.1.1	Characteristics of free enzymes	14
2.1.2	Modified enzymes	14
2.2	Immobilized enzymes	17
2.2.1	Methods of the enzyme immobilization	18
2.2.2	Properties of immobilized enzymes	33
2.3	Cells of microorganisms	35
2.3.1	Transformations by growing cells	36
2.3.2	Transformations by preliminarily grown cells	36
2.4	Immobilized cells of microorganisms	37
2.4.1	Methods of cell immobilization	38
2.4.2	Simultaneous immobilization of several biocatalysts	40
2.5	Plant and animal cells	40
2.6	Non-enzymatic biopreparations	42
3	Biocatalysts and the Problem of Selectivity in Organic Synthesis	46
3.1	Specificity of chemical action and substrate specificity of enzymes	47
3.2	Differentiation of enantiomers	47
3.3	Differentiation of enantiotopic groups	52
3.4	Differentiation of enantiotopic sides	54
4	Substitution Reactions Using Biocatalysts	58
4.1	Methylations	58
4.2	Halogenations	59
4.3	Substitution reactions in the side chain of amino acids	62
4.4	Substitutions on aromatic systems with the formation of a C=C bond	65
4.5	Substitutions at C-1 in saccharides	66
5	Elimination and Addition Reactions	70
5.1	Additions to the C=C bond	70
5.2	Additions to the C=O bond	78
6	Syntheses and Hydrolyses of Esters	91
6.1	Syntheses of esters	91
6.2	Chemo- and regioselective hydrolyses of esters	104
6.3	Kinetic resolutions of racemic esters, acids and alcohols	109
6.3.1	Hydrolysis and transesterification of esters of racemic acids	109
6.3.2	Resolution of racemic alcohols through esters	127
6.4	Diesters of prochiral dicarboxylic acids	162
6.5	Prochiral diols	177
7	Syntheses and Hydrolyses of Amides	188
7.1	Syntheses of amides and peptides	188
7.2	Hydrolyses of amides and nitriles	198
8	Oxidations	208
8.1	Oxidation of alcohols	208
8.2	Further oxidation reactions	220
8.2.1	The Baeyer-Villiger oxidation	220
8.2.2	Hydroxylations	223
8.2.3	Dehydrogenations of the CH-CH bond	229
8.2.4	Oxidations of amino acids to oxo acids	230
8.2.5	Oxidations of nitrogenous heterocyclic compounds	232
8.2.6	Oxidations on nitrogen, sulphur or selenium atoms	233
9	Reductions	236
9.1	Reductions of aldehydes and acyclic ketones	237
9.2	Reductions of cyclic ketones	252
9.3	Reductions of di- and tricarbonyl compounds	258
9.4	Reductions of oxo acids, oxo esters and oxo amides	270
9.5	Reductions of the carbonyl group in organometallic compounds	288
9.6	Reductions of the C=C bond	291
9.7	Syntheses of [alpha]-amino acids from [alpha]-oxo acids	294
9.8	Reductions of the nitro group	297
9.9	Miscellaneous reductions	298
	References	301
	Subject index	329