Optical Polarization in Biomedical Applications Book

Introduction     1
Light Interaction with Tissues     1
Definitions of Polarized Light     3
Tissue Structure and Optical Models     7
Introduction     7
Continuous and Discrete Tissue Models     8
Scatterer Size Range and Distribution     9
Refractive-Index Variations and Absorption     11
Tissue Anisotropy     14
Volume Fraction and Spatial Ordering of Particles .     18
Eye Tissue Optical Models     20
Fractal Properties of Tissues and Cell Aggregates     26
Summary     28
Polarized Light Interactions with Weakly Scattering Media     29
Introduction     29
Noninteracting Particles     30
Densely Packed Correlated Particles     36
Summary     42
Polarized Light Interactions with Strongly Scattering Media     45
Introduction     45
Multiple Scattering and Radiative Transfer Theory     46
Vector Radiative Transfer Equation     46
Scalar Radiative Transfer Equation     48
Monte Carlo Simulation Technique     52
Densely Packed Particle Systems     61
Summary     67
Polarization Properties of Tissues and Phantoms     69
Introduction     69
Light Scattering Matrix Meters     70
LSM of Thin Tissue and Cell Layers     72
Strongly Scattering Tissues and Phantoms     77
Summary     83
Polarization-Dependent Interference of Multiply Scattered Light     85
Introduction     85
Coherent Backscattering     86
Polarization-Dependent Temporal Correlations of the Scattered Light     91
Polarization Microstatistics of Speckles     99
The Concept of Polarization-Correlation Universality     103
Summary     110
Decay of Light Polarization in Random Multiple Scattering Media     111
The Similarity in Multiple Scattering of Coherent Light     111
Influence of Scattering Anisotropy and Scattering Regime     119
Residual Polarization of Incoherently Backscattered Light     124
Polarization Decay in Absorbing Media     127
Summary     138
Degree of Polarization in Laser Speckles from Turbid Media     139
Introduction     139
Experiments and Simulation     140
Discussion and Conclusions     146
Monte Carlo Modeling of Polarization Propagation     149
Introduction     149
Method     150
Results     152
Summary     159
Polarization-Sensitive Optical Coherence Tomography     161
Introduction     161
Experimental System: Serial Implementation     162
Jones Calculus and Mueller Calculus     164
Experimental System: Parallel Implementation     167
Experimental Results     172
Other Implementations     175
Summary     176
Biomedical Diagnostics and Imaging     177
Introduction     177
Imaging through Scattering Media and Tissues with Use of Polarized Light     177
Transillumination Polarization Techniques     181
Potentialities and Restrictions of Polarization Imaging with Backscattered Light     183
Polarized Reflectance Spectroscopy of Tissues     191
Glucose Sensing     192
Cytometry and Bacteria Sensing     199
Polarization Microscopy and Tissue Clearing     204
Digital Photoelastic Analysis     216
Fluorescence Polarization     218
Summary     223
Appendix     225
Glossary      229
References     245
Index     279