Quantifying Language: A Researcher's and Teacher's Guide to Gathering Language Data and Reducing It to Figures Book

	Acknowledgements
	Introduction
Pt. I	Setting the Scene: What is Quantified and Why?
1	Basic Terms. What do People Quantify?	4
2	Why do People Quantify Language? The Teaching/Therapy Reason	13
3	Why do People Quantify Language? The Research Reason	23
Pt. II	Data Gathering for Quantification: Kinds of Instrument and Technique
4	Overview of Four General Kinds of Approach to Data Gathering for Quantification	32
5	Data for Quantification: Fully Naturalistic	42
6	Data for Quantification: Quasi-naturalistic Interaction	53
7	Data for Quantification: Opinion	61
8	Data for Quantification: Manipulation	68
9	Maximising Naturalness in the Data-gathering Phase of Language Quantification	80
10	The 'Referencing' Dimension of Quantification	93
Pt. III	Data Analysis in Quantification: Scoring, Counting and Scale Types
11	Overview of Scale Types: Simple Sources of Interval Scales	108
12	Scoring on Interval Scales: Counts of Various Sorts	119
13	Scoring on Interval Scales: Totals from Uniform Sets of Dichotomous Items	131
14	Scoring on Interval Scales: Scores Involving Rating and Weighting	141
15	Scoring on Interval Scales: Combined Scores of Various Sorts	153
16	Individual Rank Ordering	168
17	Ranking in Ordered Categories	177
18	Nominal Categorisation	188
Pt. IV	Good and Bad Quantification
19	Overview of Quality Issues and Reliability. Measurer as Source of Unreliability	202
20	Cases, Circumstances and the Measuring Instrument Itself as Sources of Unreliability	216
21	Overview of Validity: Measurer, Cases etc. as Sources of Invalidity	230
22	Specification of the Nature of a Variable and its Operationalisation as a Source of Invalidity	244
23	Indicators as a Source of Invalidity	257
	Conclusion	272
	Appendix 1	273
	Appendix 2	274
	References	275
	Index	288