Transport, the Environment and Economic Policy Book

	Figures
	Tables
	Preface
1	Introduction	1
1.1	Background	1
1.2	The Economist's Interest in the Environment	2
1.3	The Book	5
2	The Transport System and Transport Policy	8
2.2	The Scale of the Sector	8
2.3	The Transport Mix	11
2.4	Financing Transport	15
2.5	The Policy-making Institutions	18
3	The Environmental Effects of Transport	21
3.2	The Physical Impact on the Environment	22
3.3	The Main Forms of Environmental Impact	24
3.4	Evolving Trends	38
4	Evaluating the Environment	47
4.2	Total Value	48
4.3	Methods of Evaluation	50
4.4	The Environmental Costs of Transport	58
5	Economic Causes of Environmental Degradation	65
5.2	The Traditional Framework	66
5.3	Externalities	67
5.4	The Question of Property Rights	72
6	Intervention Failures	75
6.2	The Concept of Intervention Failures	76
6.3	Forms of Intervention Failure	78
6.4	The Problems of Predicting Future Trends	88
7	Instruments of Economic Policy: Fiscal Tools	91
7.1	Fiscal Instruments	91
7.2	Emissions Charges	93
7.3	Tradeable (Marketable) Permits	96
7.4	The Case for Road Pricing	99
7.5	Fuel Taxation and Licence Fees	109
7.6	Subsidies	111
8	Non-fiscal Policy Instruments	116
8.2	Regulations	116
8.3	Charges versus Standards	119
8.4	Land-Use and Transport Planning	124
8.5	Investments	125
8.6	Physical Traffic Management	130
8.7	Alternatives to Transport	132
8.8	Transhipment and Consolidation	138
8.9	Information and Attitudes	141
9	Political Economy of Policy	143
9.2	The Question of Efficiency	144
9.3	Some Theories of Policy Making	146
9.4	The International Dimension	150
	References	153
	Index	162