Radionavigation Systems Book

Preface     xiii
Terrestrial systems     1
The fundamentals of terrestrial navigation     3
The shape of the earth     3
Maps and coordinate systems/Datum     6
Distances and directions on the surface of the earth     13
Great circle course on a spherical earth     13
Loxodrome course     15
Distances and directions on an ellipsoidal earth     16
Error calculations     19
Lines of position     19
Errors in lines of position     19
The geometrical influence on two-dimensional position errors     21
Errors in measurements of distance and distance differences     21
Distance measurements     21
Measurements of distance differences     23
Error ellipses     30
Distance measurement error ellipses     35
Error ellipses for a hyperbolic navigation system     37
Accuracies     40
Two-dimensional position determination by means of more than two LOPs     45
Wave propagation     46
Free space propagation     46
Reflection from surroundings     48
The ground wave     52
Tropospheric influence     57
Ionospheric influence     61
System descriptions     69
Hyperbolic systems     69
Introduction     69
General     69
Phase measurements     70
OMEGA     73
General     73
Signal format     73
Wave propagation at VLF     76
General     76
Conditions in the lower part of the ionosphere     81
The directional dependence of the reflection coefficient of the ionosphere     83
Influence of the earth and the solution of the wave equations     85
Receivers     87
Transmitters     88
Accuracy     88
Differential OMEGA     91
Prospects     95
DECCA     96
Introduction     96
Frequencies     96
Receivers     97
Transmitter stations     105
Maps and corrections of the measurement result     107
Accuracy and coverage     107
Perspectives     112
LORAN-C     114
General     114
Signal format     115
Interference and use of pulse groups     118
Coded pulse groups     122
Receivers     123
Grouping of pulses for automatic search     131
Transmitters     136
Accuracy and range     138
Differential LORAN-C     140
Prospects     143
Direction finding     146
Introduction     146
Frequencies and transmitters     147
Directivity     148
Receiver antennae     149
Antennae for improved accuracy     154
The Adcock antenna     154
Doppler direction finders     156
Accuracies     158
Aircraft systems     160
Introduction     160
VOR     162
Operation     162
The receiver     163
Doppler VOR     164
DME     166
Principles of operation     166
Search procedure     167
The transponder     169
Accuracies/Use     170
DME/P     170
ILS     175
System principles     175
Markers     176
Angular information     177
Accuracy/Sources of error     180
MLS      182
Introduction     182
TRSB angular information     183
The data message     188
Use     188
Accuracies and coverage     188
Costs and perspectives     191
Satellite systems     193
Satellite orbits and geometry     195
Introduction     195
Kepler's laws     195
Distortion of the orbit     196
Coordinate systems     198
Satellite navigation principles     204
Frequency measurements     204
Time measurements     206
Measurement principles     206
Error calculations     209
Error sources     209
The geometrical influence on the accuracy     214
Frequency measurements     214
Time measurements     217
Calculation of geometrical dilution of position     217
System descriptions     225
TRANSIT     225
Introduction     225
The satellites     225
Navigation principles     229
Satellite signals     229
Position measurements     232
The receiver      235
The use of two carrier frequencies     242
The iteration procedure     244
Accuracy     245
Translocation     247
Fields of utilization/future     249
Spread spectrum: coding of satellite signals     250
Introduction     250
Spread spectrum     251
Principles     251
Spreading functions     252
The correlation function     254
Generation of the codes (spreading functions)     258
The receiver     261
Spread spectrum in NAVSTAR/GPS     267
Navstar/GPS     272
Introduction     272
Satellite orbits     272
The satellites     276
The control segment     278
The navigation message     281
Introduction     281
TLM and HOW     281
Data block 1     281
Clock corrections     284
Age of data/group delay     284
Corrections of ionospheric delays     286
Data block 2     287
Introduction     287
Parameter representation selection     289
Data block 3     292
Receivers      293
Introduction     293
Receiver types     294
Receiver description     297
Clock and frequency stability     303
Antennae     304
Differential GPS     306
Presumptions and possibilities     306
Work up to now     308
Interferometric use     311
Accuracy     315
Integration with other navigation systems     318
GPS and inertial navigation systems     318
GPS and LORAN-C     319
Other combinations     320
Perspectives     321
Glonass     322
Introduction     322
Satellite orbits     323
The navigation signals     324
The codes     325
The navigation message     326
Receivers     327
Accuracy     327
Other satellite navigation systems     328
Introduction     328
TSIKADA     329
STARFIX     330
GEOSTAR/LOCSTAR     330
NAVSAT     332
Datum transformation     335
Formulas from spherical trigonometry     338
Theorems concerning right-angled spherical triangles     338
Theorems concerning arbitrary spherical triangles     339
The radii of curvature of an ellipsoidal surface     341
The standard deviation of the error in a two-dimensional position     344
Position determination by the method of least squares     346
Errors in DECCA user lines of position due to phase errors caused by the master-to-slave, master-to-user and slave-to-user signal paths     352
Satellites in orbit     356
Derivation of Kepler's laws     356
The orbital velocity     361
Orbital coordinates as time functions     363
Launching of satellites into a desired orbit     368
A method of satellite selection in time measurement systems     371
Basic Kalman filter equations     375
References     377
Index     387