Tier Three of the RTI Model: Problem-Solving Through a Case Study Approach Book

Preface ix

Acknowledgments xiii

About the Authors xv

1 Introduction to RTI and the Case Study Model 1

Context and History 2

The Response to Intervention Process 5

The Case Study Model and Prereferral Intervention 9

Summary 16

2 Assessment Principles and Practices 17

Assessment Methods 17

Assessment at Tier 1 27

Assessment at Tier 2 31

Assessing Behavior 32

Summary 38

3 Facilitating Response to Intervention in Schools 41

School Psychologist as Systems Change Agent 42

Evaluating the System 43

Goal Setting 44

RTI Implementation 48

Summary 49

4 Problem Identification 51

Tier 1 51

Tier 2 52

Tier 3 54

Behavioral Definition of the Problem 54

Problem Certification: Establishing the Severity of the Discrepancy Between Actual and Expected Performance 57

Formulating Intervention Goals 60

Planning Data-Collection Activities for Baseline Measurement and Progress Monitoring 63

Assessment of Factors Related to the Problem 64

Summary 73

5 Problem Analysis 75

Generating Hypotheses 76

Primary and Secondary Dependent Variables 78

Types of Hypotheses 79

Intervention Selection 82

Hypothesis Testing 83

Summary 85

6 Single-Case Design 87

Single-Case Design and Hypothesis Testing 88

Single-Case Design and Progress Monitoring 88

Choosing a Single-Case Design 90

Summary 99

7 Intervention 101

Selecting Research-Based Interventions 101

Intervention Integrity 105

Linking Interventions to Hypotheses 109

Characteristics of Effective Academic Interventions 113

Characteristics of Effective Behavioral Interventions 119

Targets of Intervention 122

Summary 124

8 Evaluating Case Study Outcomes 125

Visual Analysis126

Conducting Visual Analyses 127

Magnitude of Change 135

Choosing, Calculating, and Interpreting Effect Sizes 136

Quality of the Outcome: Goal-Attainment Scaling 141

Choosing Evaluation Methods and Judging Outcomes

Summary 150

9 Using the Case Study to Determine Special Education Eligibility 151

Disability Versus Eligibility Determination 152

Responsiveness Versus Resistance 154

Using Case Study Information for Special Education Eligibility Determination 155

RTI and Specific Learning Disabilities 159

Decision Making in Eligibility Determination 163

Technical Adequacy of Decision-Making Practices 166

Eligibility Decisions 168

Summary 171

10 Program Evaluation 173

Case Study Structure 174

Case Study Rubric 175

Case Study: Morgan 183

Case Study: Reggie 200

Evaluation of School Psychology Services and Programs 210

Case Study Fidelity 211

Intervention Integrity 212

Magnitude of Change 212

Goal-Attainment Scaling 213

Summary 214

References 215

Index 225