A Concise Introduction to Logic Book

Chapter 1	Basic Concepts	1
1.1	Arguments, Premises, and Conclusions	1
1.2	Recognizing Arguments	13
1.3	Deduction and Induction	31
1.4	Validity, Truth, Soundness, Strength, Cogency	41
1.5	Argument Forms: Proving Invalidity	52
1.6	Extended Arguments	59
Chapter 2	Language: Meaning and Definition	72
2.1	Varieties of Meaning	72
2.2	The Intension and Extension of Terms	82
2.3	Definitions and Their Purposes	87
2.4	Definitional Techniques	94
2.5	Criteria for Lexical Definitions	104
Chapter 3	Informal Fallacies	111
3.1	Fallacies in General	111
3.2	Fallacies of Relevance	114
3.3	Fallacies of Weak Induction	130
3.4	Fallacies of Presumption, Ambiguity, and Grammatical Analogy	147
3.5	Fallacies in Ordinary Language	170
Chapter 4	Categorical Propositions	188
4.1	The Components of Categorical Propositions	188
4.2	Quality, Quantity, and Distribution	190
4.3	Venn Diagrams and the Modern Square of Opposition	195
4.4	Conversion, Obversion, and Contraposition	204
4.5	The Traditional Square of Opposition	214
4.6	Venn Diagrams and the Traditional Standpoint	224
4.7	Translating Ordinary Language Statements into Categorical Form	230
Chapter 5	Categorical Syllogisms	242
5.1	Standard Form, Mood, and Figure	242
5.2	Venn Diagrams	249
5.3	Rules and Fallacies	261
5.4	Reducing the Number of Terms	269
5.5	Ordinary Language Arguments	272
5.6	Enthymemes	275
5.7	Sorites	280
Chapter 6	Propositional Logic	287
6.1	Symbols and Translation	287
6.2	Truth Functions	298
6.3	Truth Tables for Propositions	310
6.4	Truth Tables for Arguments	319
6.5	Indirect Truth Tables	324
6.6	Argument Forms and Fallacies	330
Chapter 7	Natural Deduction in Propositional Logic	348
7.1	Rules of Implication I	348
7.2	Rules of Implication II	359
7.3	Rules of Replacement I	369
7.4	Rules of Replacement II	380
7.5	Conditional Proof	390
7.6	Indirect Proof	395
7.7	Proving Logical Truths	401
Chapter 8	Predicate Logic	405
8.1	Symbols and Translation	405
8.2	Using the Rules of Inference	414
8.3	Change of Quantifier Rule	425
8.4	Conditional and Indirect Proof	429
8.5	Proving Invalidity	435
8.6	Relational Predicates and Overlapping Quantifiers	441
8.7	Identity	453
Chapter 9	Induction	468
9.1	Analogy and Legal and Moral Reasoning	468
9.2	Causality and Mill's Methods	487
9.3	Probability	508
9.4	Statistical Reasoning	525
9.5	Hypothetical/Scientific Reasoning	544
9.6	Science and Superstition	564
	Answers to Selected Exercises	592
	Glossary/Index	654