Animal Test Alternatives : Refinement, Reduction, Replacement Book

	Preface
	Introduction
	Contributors
1	The Evolution of In Vitro Toxicology in the Pharmaceutical Industry	1
2	Relating In Vitro to In Vivo Exposures with Physiologically Based Tissue Dosimetry and Tissue Response Models	9
3	The Use of Theoretical Descriptors in Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships	27
4	Structure-Activity Predictions as Alternatives to Animal Tests	33
5	The Aquatic Toxicology of Isopropylamine: Comparison of Experimentally Derived Values with Structure-Activity Predictions	37
6	Structure-Activity Relationships and the Validation of In Vitro Toxicology Tests	47
7	Applications of Liver and Kidney Cell Systems That Can Reduce Animal Usage	57
8	In Vitro Methods for Hepatotoxic Assessment of Halogenated Fatty Acids	69
9	Tissue Slices as an In Vitro Model for Studying Heart, Liver, and Kidney Toxicity	83
10	Potential for Interspecies Extrapolation of Macrophage Chemiluminescence Data from Immunotoxicology Studies	91
11	An In Vitro System for the Evaluation of Cyanide Ion Binding By Potential Candidate Antidotes	99
12	Munitions Cytotoxicities In Vitro	103
13	Neuroblastoma-Glioma Cells as a System for Studying Drug Neurotoxicity	109
14	In Vitro Assays for Muscle Irritation	121
15	General Overview of In Vitro and Other Alternatives to Skin Toxicity Evaluation	131
16	In Vitro Dermal Toxicity Assays: Validation with Human Data	145
17	Skin Penetration and Allergic Contact Dermatitis: Historical Perspective	153
18	Toward a Predictive Model for Allergic Contact Dermatitis	159
19	A Three-Dimensional Human Skin Model for Toxicity Testing	167
20	The SOLATEX-PI System: An In Vitro Method to Predict Photoirritation	175
21	Feasibility of Fluorescence Assays in Human Skin Equivalents with the CytoFluor 2300	191
22	Ocular Testing: Historical Perspectives	199
23	Overview of In Vitro Ocular Irritation Test Systems and an Evaluation of Their Status	203
24	The Role of In Vitro Tests in Assessing the Safety of Cosmetics and Consumer Products	211
25	In Vitro and Other Alternatives in Inhalation Toxicology: Monitoring Biological Markers of Cellular and Biochemical Response	221
26	Alternatives to In Vivo Toxicological Testing of Rodent Airway Epithelia	233
27	Understanding Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis Using Rat Tracheal Epithelial Cells In Vitro	241
28	Development of a Short-Term Bioassay to Assess Pulmonary Toxicity of Inhaled Fibers	249
29	In Vitro Toxicity of Refractory Ceramic Fibers to Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells in Culture	259
30	Effects of Phosgene and Perfluoroisobutylene on Permeability of Pulmonary Endothelial Cells in Culture	271
31	In Vitro and Other Alternatives in Cardiovascular Research	279
32	Alternative Tests for Developmental Toxicity	287
33	Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay-Xenopus: A Nonmammalian Method for Developmental Toxicity Assessment	297
34	Earthworms as Substitutes for Rodents in Metal Toxicity	315
35	The Development and Validation of the Miniature Swine, Mouse, and Rabbit Models as Alternatives to the Use of the Dog in Drug Testing	321
36	Regulatory Requirements for Validation of In Vitro Alternative Tests	327
37	Consumer Safety, Harmonization of Test Methods and Classification Systems, and Validation of Alternatives	331
38	Epilogue	335
	Index	339