Mass Communication Theory : An Introduction Book

Introduction The Rise of Media of Mass Communication PART ONE: THEORIES Concepts and Models Theory of Media and Theory of Society Mass Communication and Culture PART TWO: STRUCTURES Normative Theories of Media Performance Media Structures and Institutions PART THREE: ORGANIZATIONS The Media Organization in Its Context The Production of Media Culture PART FOUR: CONTENT Issues, Concepts and Varieties of Discourse Genres and Methods of Analysis PART FIVE: AUDIENCES Theory and Research Traditions The Social Character of Audience Experience PART SIX: EFFECTS Processes of Short-Term Change Longer-Term and Indirect Change Endpiece Lines of Development

THE RISE OF MEDIA IN MASS COMMUNICATION - EXTENDED CONTENTS FOR USE IN SOLUS ONLYINTRODUCTION The Significance of Mass Media Media and Society Relationships Basic Differences of Approach Different Kinds of Theory Communication Science and the Study of Mass Communication Levels of Communication Different Networks Alternative traditions of analysis Structural, Behavioural and Cultural Mass Communication Defined The Mass Media Institution The Rise of the Media Origins of Media Definitions Print Media The Book The Early Newspaper The Press as Advesary Rise of a Newspaper-reading Public The Political Press The Prestige Press Commercialization of the Newspaper Press Film Broadcasting Recorded Music New Electronic Media Inter-media Differences Freedom verus Control Issues of Use and Reception Changes in Society Internationalization Informatization Rise of Postmodern Culture Individuation Changes in the Media Conclusion Implications for the Public Interest in Media PART ONE: THEORIES Early Perspectives on Media and Society - CONCEPTS AND MODELS The Power of Mass Media Communication and Social Change The Potential Benefits of Mass Communication The 'Mass' Concept The Mass Communcation Process The Mass Audience Mass Culture and Popular Culture Definitions and Contrast Dynamics of Cultural Forms The Rise of a Dominant Paradigm for Theory and Research A View of the Good Society Scientific Origins Bias of the Paradigm Concentration on Effects An Alternative Paradigm A Different View of Society and Media Diverse Sources of Challenge The Status of the Alternative Paradigm Implications for the Study of Communication Four Models of Communication A Transmission Model A Ritual or Expressive Model Communication as Display and Attention (A Publicity Model)
Encoding and Decoding of Media Discourse A Reception Model Comparisons New Patterns of Information Traffic Allocution Conversation Consultation Registration An Integrated Typology New Theoretical Perspectives on Media and Society The Information Age Postmodernism Conclusion Implications for Mass Media Theory Media, Society and Culture - THEORY OF MEDIA AND SOCIETY Connections and Conflicts A Typology of Society Culture Relations An Inconclusive Outcome Mass Communication as a Society-Wide Process The Mediation of Social Relations The Mediation Concept Mediation Metaphors A Frame of Reference for Connecting Media with Society Types of Media-Soceity Theory Main Issues for Theory Power and Inequality Main Issues for Theory Social Integration and Identity A Dual Perspective on Media Ambivalence About Social Integration Different Types and Levels of Integrative Media Effects Mass Communication and Social Change Mass Society Theory Marxism and Mass Media The Classic Position Neo-Marxist Variants Functionalist Theory of Media and Society Conceptual Basics Specifying the Social Functions of Media Uses and Disuses of Functionalism Media and Social Integration Critical Political-Economic Theory Theory of Media and Development Rise and Decline Communication Technology Determinism The Toronto School Technology and Ideology An Interactive Alternative The Information Society New Theory of Media-Society Linkages Conceptual Underpinnings Logic of Change
'Videotopia' versus 'Dystopia'
Progressive or Conservative Direction?
Bias to Globalization Conclusion:
Conflict versus Consensus and Media-Centric versus Soceity-Centric Approaches Setting the Scence - MASS COMMUNICATION AND CULTURE The Culturalist Approach Communication and Culture Towards Defining Culture Research Issues The Beginnings The Frankfurt School and Critical Theory Hegemony Later Developments of Critical Cultural Theory The Birmingham School Gender and Mass Media The 'Redemption' of the Popular The (Semiotic) Power of the People Links to the Postmodern Unanswered Questions Commercialization Communication Technology and Culture Mc Luhan's View of Cultural Change A Model of Technology and Cultural Change Media Logic and the Culture of Communication Cultivation and the Mediation of Identity The Shifting Boundaries of Social Space Globalization of Culture Structural Trends Towards Transnationalization Transnational Media Flow as a Process Globalizing Effects Pro and Con Concepts of Cultural Identity Cultural Invasion Resistance and Subversion Towards a Global Media Culture?
Conclusion Time, Space and the Media PART TWO: STRUCTURES Media-Society Linkages - NORMATIVE THEORIES OF MEDIA PERFORMANCE The Status of Normative Theory Varieties of Theory for the Press and Other Media Social Responsiblity Origins The 1947 US Commission on the Freedom of the Press Media Codes of Conduct The Public Broadcasting Idea Four Theories of the Press Libertarian Theory and Press Freedom The Libertarian Ideal Questions About Press Freedom Freedom of Expression and Freedom of Property Beyond 'Theories of the Press'
Development Media Theory Democratic-Participant Media Theory Other Models Limitations of the Press Theory Approach Media Change New Normative Theory Needed for New Times?
The Concept of a 'Public Interest' in Media Issues for Social Theory of the Media Concentration and Monopoly News Quality Security and Social Order Morals and Decency Commercialism Cultural Issues Response to Issues Principles of Structure and Performance An Interpretative Overview Media Freedom Freedom Requirements Benefits of Media Freedom Media Equality Media Diversity Diversity Requirements Benefits of Media Diversity Information Quality The Objectivity Concept The Benefits of Objectivity A Framework for Objectivity Research and Theory Main Information Quality Requirements Limits of Objectivity Social Order and Solidarity Expectations and Norms Relating to Order Cultural Order Cultural Quality Norms The Range of Application of Normative Media Theory Conclusion A Changing Normative Environment Media 'Not Just Any Other Business' - MEDIA STRUCTURES AND INSTITUTIONS Alternative Perspectives The Main Issues The Basics of Media Structure and Levels of Analysis Some Economic Principles of Media Structure Different Media Markets and Sources of Income Advertising versus Consumer Revenue - Implications Media Market Reach and Diversity Competition for Revenue Media Cost Structures Ownership and Control The Effects of Ownership Competition and Concentration Horiziontal versus Vertical Concentration Other Types of Concentration Effect Degrees of Concentration Transnationalization Policy Issues Arising Distinctive Features of Media Economics Dynamics of Media Structure The Regulation of Mass Media Alternative Models The Free Press Model The Broadcasting Model The Common Carrier Model Inter-Country Differences The Social and Cultural Specificity of Media Systems International Communications Structural Aspects Multinational Media Ownership and Control International Media and Dependency International Media Regulation Conclusion PART THREE: ORGANIZATIONS Issues and Perspectives - THE MEDIA ORGANIZATION IN ITS CONTEXT Organizational Influences on Content Alternative Models of Analysis The Rise of Research Tradition Levels of Analysis The Media Organization in a Field of Social Forces Relations With Society Goals of Media Organizations Internal Diversity of Purpose The Journalist's Role Engagement or Neutrality Professionalism Media Occupational Dilemmas Internal Diversity of Communicator Goals Latent Conflicts Characteristics of Mass Communicators Women in News Organizations Pressure and Interest Groups Relations With Owners, Clients and Suppliers Proprietor Influence The Influence of Advertisers Relations With the Audience Hostility to the Audience An Alternative View Insulation and Uncertainty Images of the Audience Conclusion Media-Organizational Activities - THE PRODUCTION OF MEDIA CULTURE Gatekeeping and Selecting The Gatekeeping Concept Ideological versus Organizational Factors in News Selection Alternative Approaches to the Study of News Selection People and Selction Location and Selection The News Net Pre-Definitions of News and Planned Events Time and Selection Typification of News by Time The Question of Selection 'Bias'
Access to the Media for Society A Continuum of Media Autonomy Actuality Content as a Contested Zone Relations with Sources The Planning of Supply Asymmetrical Relationships and Assimilation Public Relations and News Media-Organizational Activity Processing and Presentation Internal Processing of Information An Alternative Model of Organizational Selection The Question of Bias Again Standardization and Organizational Logics The Logic of Media Culture Alternative Models of Decision-Making Conclusion The Attention-Gaining Imperative PART FOUR: CONTENT Why Study Media Content? - ISSUES, CONCEPTS AND VARIETIES OF DISCOURSE Critical Questions and Alternative Discourses The Cultural Text and its Meaning The Concept of Text Differential Encoding Open versus Closed Texts Narrative Seriality Realism Differential 'Reading' of Texts Gendered Media Texts Studying the Popular Structuralism and Semiology Towards a Science of Signs Connotation and Denotation Uses of Semiology Media Content as Information Information Theory Applications in the Study of Content The Evaluative Dimension of Information Media Performance Discourse Freedom and Independence Content Diversity Objectivity in News Reality Reflection or Distortion?
A Critique of the Reality-Reflection Norm In Summary Critical Perspectives on Content Marxist Perspectives Commercialism On the Question of Cultural Qualtiy Gender-Based Critique Conclusion Media Genres and Formats - GENRES AND METHODS OF ANALYSIS Defining Genre Two Genre Examples Western Movies and Television Soap Operas Media Format and Logic Media Content Frames Visual Language The News Genre What is News?
News and Human Interest News Value and the Structure of News News Bias The Form of the News Report Storytelling versus Factual Reporting Two Versions of the News Sequence Questions of Research Method Where is Meaning?
Dominant versus Alternative Paradigms Again Traditional Content Analysis Basics Limits to Content Analysis Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis Compared Mixed Methods Are Possible Conclusion PART FIVE: AUDIENCES The Origin and Diversity of Audiences - THEORY AND RESEARCH TRADITIONS Past, Present and Future of the Media Audience The Rise of a Reading Public Early Conceptualization of the Audience as a Mass From Mass to Market The Duality of the Audience A Typology The Social Group The Gratification Set Fan Group or Taste Culture Channel or Medium Audience Comparisons and Contrasts Implications of New Media for the Audience Concept End of the Audience?
Or Escape of the Audience?
Change But Not Revolution Three Traditions of Research Into Audiences The Structural Tradition of Audience Measurement The Behaviour Tradition The Social Cultural Tradition and Reception Analysis Questions of Audience Structure Types of Audience Explanations of Audience Structure and Composition Audience Formation and Flow Audience Side Factors Medium-Side Variables A Model of the Audience-Formation Process Expectancy-Value Theory Conclusion Multi-Channel Futures The Audience as an Active Social Group - THE SOCIAL CHARACTER OF AUDIENCE EXPERIENCE Sociability in Media Use Social Uses of Media Normative Framing of Media Use Early Critique of Media 'Addiction'
Content Based Norms Guilty Audiences Attachment and Dependence Gendered Media Use Audience-Sender Relationships The Concept of Audience Activity Five Models of Activity A Flawed Concept Audience Uses and Gratifications Basic Assumptions Social and Psychological Origins Revisionism Audience Involvement and Entertainment Different Models for Different Kinds of Content?
Audience Responses and Feedback Media-Originated Feedback Response on Behalf of the Audience Spontaneous Feedback In Conclusion PART SIX: EFFECTS The Premise of Media Effect - PROCESSES OF SHORT-TERM CHANGE The Natural History of Media Effect Research and Theory Four Phases Phase 1: All-Powerful Media Phase 2: Theory of Powerful Media Put to the Test Phase 3: Powerful Media Rediscovered Phase 4: Negotiated Media Influence Media Power Can Vary With the Times Levels and Kinds of Effect Processes of Media Effect A Typology Individual response and Individual Reaction The Stimulus-Response Model Mediating Conditions Source-Receiver Relations and Effect A Model of Behavioural Effect Collection Reaction Effects Panic and Rumour Civil Disorder Media and Terrorism Contagion and Imitation The Campaign Basic Features Filter Conditions in Campaigns Diversity of Campaign Effects Reflections on the Campaign Personal Influence in Campaign Situations Conclusion Diffusion in a Development Context - LONGER-TERM AND INDIRECT-CHANGE The Distribution of Knowledge News Diffusion and Learning From News Patterns of Diffusion Learning and Comprehension Agenda-Setting Knowledge Gaps Long-Term Unplanned Change A Model Socialization Reality Defining and Constructing The Spiral of Silence The Formation of Climates of Opinion Structuring Reality and Unwitting Bias Cultivation The Theory Testing the Theory Doubts and Questions Social Control and Consciousness Formation Consensus Maintenance Selective Attention and Omission The Construction of Conformity Media Power Who Benefits?
Effects on Other Social Institutions Event Outcomes Media and Cultural Change Conclusion LINES OF DEVELOPMENT - ENDPIECE Mass Communication Endures The Future of Theory The Multiple Logics of Mass Communication Media as a (Defective) Meaning Machine Domains of Meaning Significance Reality and Real-Life Contexts Public versus Private Space Identity Space and Location Time Power, Influence and Effect Do the Media Have Any?
Whose Side are the Media On?
Fame and Celebrity Questions of Culture Last Words