Solaris 10: System Administration Part 1: Exam CX-310-200 (Exam Prep Series) Book

Introduction................................................................................................................ 1

How This Book Helps You............................................................................... 2

Conventions Used in This Book....................................................................... 4

Audience....................................................................................................... 5

The Sun Certified System Administrator Exams................................................ 5

Exam CX-310-200.......................................................................................... 6

Manage File Systems......................................................................... 6

Install Software.................................................................................. 6

Perform System Boot Procedures........................................................ 6

Perform User and Security Administration............................................ 7

Manage Network Printers and System Processes................................. 7

Perform System Backups and Restores............................................... 7

Exam CX-310-203 (Solaris 10 Upgrade Exam).................................................. 7

Summary...................................................................................................... 8

Advice on Taking the Exam............................................................................. 8

Study and Exam Prep Tips........................................................................................ 11

Learning as a Process.................................................................................. 11

Study Tips................................................................................................... 12

Study Strategies.............................................................................. 12

Pretesting Yourself........................................................................... 13

Exam Prep Tips........................................................................................... 13

Putting It All Together....................................................................... 15

Part I: Exam Preparation

chapter one
Managing File Systems............................................................................................ 21

Introduction.................................................................................................. 26

Device Drivers.............................................................................................. 26

Physical Device Name.................................................................................. 27

Device Autoconfiguration............................................................................... 33

USB Devices................................................................................................ 35

Instance Names........................................................................................... 37

Major and Minor Device Numbers................................................................... 40

Logical Device Name.................................................................................... 42

Block and Raw Devices..................................................................... 46

A File System Defined.................................................................................. 48

Defining a Disk’s Geometry........................................................................... 48

Disk Controllers................................................................................ 49

Defect List....................................................................................... 49

Disk Labels...................................................................................... 50

Partition Tables................................................................................ 51

Solaris File System Types............................................................................ 52

Disk-Based File Systems.................................................................. 52

Network-Based File Systems............................................................ 52

Virtual File Systems......................................................................... 53

Disk Slices.................................................................................................. 54

Displaying Disk Configuration Information............................................ 56

Using the format Utility to Create Slices............................................... 58

The Free Hog Slice........................................................................... 66

Using the format Utility to Modify Partitions.......................................... 66

Using the Solaris Management Console Disks Tool............................. 69

Recovering Disk Partition Information.................................................. 74

Logical Volumes............................................................................... 75

Parts of a UFS ............................................................................................ 75

The Root (/) File System............................................................................... 78

Soft (Symbolic) Links........................................................................ 83

Hard Links....................................................................................... 85

Removing a Link............................................................................... 87

Components of the UFS ............................................................................... 87

The Boot Block................................................................................ 88

The Superblock................................................................................ 88

Cylinder Groups............................................................................... 89

The inode......................................................................................... 89

The Storage Block............................................................................ 90

Free Blocks..................................................................................... 90

Creating a UFS ........................................................................................... 90

Understanding Custom File System Parameters............................................. 92

Logical Block Size............................................................................ 93

Fragment Size................................................................................. 93

Minimum Free Space........................................................................ 94

Optimization Type............................................................................ 95

Number of inodes and Bytes per inode............................................... 95

The mkfs Command........................................................................... 95

The fstyp Command.......................................................................... 98

File System Operations................................................................................ 99

Synchronizing a File System............................................................. 99

Repairing File Systems................................................................... 100

The labelit Command........................................................................ 104

The volcopy Command..................................................................... 105

Tuning File Systems................................................................................... 106

Mounting File Systems............................................................................... 108

Mounting a File System with Large Files........................................... 113

Mounting a File System with UFS Logging Enabled........................... 114

Unmounting a File System.......................................................................... 114

The fuser Command........................................................................ 115

/etc/mnttab.......................................................................................... 116

Volume Management.................................................................................. 120

Using Volume Management............................................................. 128

Troubleshooting Volume Manager..................................................... 129

Displaying a File System’s Disk Space Usage.................................. 131

Displaying Directory Size Information................................................ 135

Information on File Systems........................................................................ 136

Controlling User Disk Space Usage.................................................. 138

The quot Command.......................................................................... 139

Summary................................................................................................... 141

Key Terms..................................................................................... 141

Exercises...................................................................................... 142

Exam Questions............................................................................. 147

Answers to Review Questions.......................................................... 163

Suggested Readings and Resources............................................................ 170

chapter two
Installing the Solaris 10 Operating Environment......................................................... 171

Introduction................................................................................................ 174

Installing the Solaris 10 Software.................................................................. 174

Requirements and Preparation for Installing the Solaris 10 Software................ 175

Minimum System Requirements...................................................... 176

Software Terminology.................................................................................. 177

Software Packages......................................................................... 177

Software Groups............................................................................. 177

Solaris Media................................................................................. 179

System Configuration to Be Installed................................................ 179

Disk Storage.............................................................................................. 181

Basic Considerations for Planning Partition (Slice) Sizes.................... 183

Slice Arrangements on Multiple Disks.............................................. 184

Methods of Installing the Solaris 10 Software................................................. 185

Solaris Interactive Installation: Using the GUI..................................... 186

Solaris Interactive Installation: Using the CLI..................................... 186

JumpStart...................................................................................... 187

Custom JumpStart.......................................................................... 187

Solaris Live Upgrade....................................................................... 188

Solaris Flash Archives..................................................................... 189

WAN Boot..................................................................................... 190

Upgrading the Operating System.................................................................. 190

The Solaris Installation Prechecklist............................................................. 191

Secure by Default........................................................................... 194

Using the Interactive Installation Process (install-solaris) on a SPARC-Based System 195

Configuring Power Management....................................................... 224

Tools for Managing Software........................................................................ 225

Adding and Removing Software Packages..................................................... 226

Using a Spool Directory............................................................................... 227

Installing Software from the Command Line....................................... 229

Removing Software Using pkgrm........................................................ 229

Solaris Product Registry.................................................................. 230

Web Start Installer.......................................................................... 233

Listing and Verifying Installed Packages....................................................... 235

Software Patches....................................................................................... 237

Obtaining a Patch....................................................................................... 238

Installing a Patch............................................................................ 240

Removing a Patch........................................................................... 243

Patch Manager (smpatch).............................................................................. 244

Patch Tool................................................................................................. 249

General Guidelines..................................................................................... 251

Summary................................................................................................... 253

Key Terms..................................................................................... 253

Exercises...................................................................................... 254

Exam Questions............................................................................. 258

Answers to Exam Questions........................................................... 264

Suggested Readings and Resources................................................ 266

chapter three
Performing System Boot and Shutdown Procedures for SPARC, x64-, and x86-Based Systems 267

Introduction................................................................................................ 272

Booting a SPARC System........................................................................... 272

Powering on the System................................................................. 273

The Boot PROM and Program Phases.............................................. 273

The OpenBoot Environment......................................................................... 274

Entry-Level to High-End Systems..................................................... 276

Accessing the OpenBoot Environment.............................................. 276

System Console............................................................................. 277

System Control Switch.................................................................... 277

OpenBoot Firmware Tasks.............................................................. 278

The OpenBoot Architecture.......................................................................... 279

The OpenBoot Interface............................................................................... 281

Getting Help in OpenBoot............................................................................ 281

PROM Device Tree (Full Device Pathnames)................................................. 283

OpenBoot Device Aliases................................................................ 287

OpenBoot NVRAM...................................................................................... 289

The nvedit Line Editor....................................................................... 296

OpenBoot Security..................................................................................... 298

OpenBoot Diagnostics................................................................................ 300

Input and Output Control.................................................................. 305

OpenBoot PROM Versions.......................................................................... 307

Booting a SPARC System........................................................................... 307

The boot Command.......................................................................... 309

The BIOS....................................................................................... 319

GRUB............................................................................................ 320

Configuring the Video Display on the x86/x64 Platform....................... 329

The Kernel................................................................................................. 331

The init Phase............................................................................................. 335

The Service Management Facility (SMF)........................................... 337

Using the Run Control Scripts to Stop or Start Services..................... 366

System Shutdown...................................................................................... 370

Commands to Shut Down the System.............................................. 371

Stopping the System for Recovery Purposes: SPARC........................ 375

Stopping the System for Recovery Purposes: x86/x64....................... 377

Turning Off the Power to the Hardware.............................................. 377

Summary................................................................................................... 378

Key Terms..................................................................................... 378

Exercises...................................................................................... 380

Exam Questions............................................................................. 384

Answers to Exam Questions........................................................... 392

Suggested Readings and Resources............................................................ 397

CHAPTER four
User and Security Administration............................................................................. 399

Introduction................................................................................................ 402

Administering User Accounts....................................................................... 402

Managing User and Group Accounts with the SMC............................ 402

Managing User and Group Accounts from the Command Line............. 417

Setting Up Shell Initialization Files............................................................... 425

C Shell Initialization Files................................................................ 425

Bourne Shell Initialization Files........................................................ 426

Korn Shell Initialization Files............................................................ 426

Additional Shells Included with Solaris 10......................................... 426

Default Initialization Files................................................................. 427

Customizing User Initialization Files................................................. 428

The Home Directory........................................................................ 431

Projects......................................................................................... 432

Name Services............................................................................... 432

System Security......................................................................................... 433

Controlling Physical Security........................................................... 434

Controlling System Access............................................................. 434

Controlling File Access................................................................... 443

Access Control Lists (ACLs)........................................................................ 447

Setting ACL Entries........................................................................ 448

Checking the New File Permissions................................................. 450

Verifying ACL Entries...................................................................... 450

Copying a File’s ACL to Another File................................................ 450

Modifying ACL Entries on a File....................................................... 451

Deleting ACL Entries from a File...................................................... 451

Auditing Users................................................................................ 454

Controlling Network Security............................................................ 459

Securing Superuser Access............................................................ 466

The Secure Shell (ssh)................................................................................. 468

ASET 471

Common-Sense Security Techniques........................................................... 473

Summary................................................................................................... 474

Key Terms..................................................................................... 457

Exercises...................................................................................... 475

Exam Questions............................................................................. 480

Answers to Exam Questions........................................................... 489

Suggested Reading and Resources.............................................................. 492

CHAPTER five
Managing System Processes.................................................................................. 493

Introduction................................................................................................ 496

Viewing a Process...................................................................................... 496

pgrep................................................................................................ 500

prstat................................................................................................ 502

mpstat............................................................................................... 506

ptree................................................................................................. 507

time.................................................................................................. 507

Process Manager........................................................................... 508

SMC Process Tool.......................................................................... 511

pargs................................................................................................ 512

svcs................................................................................................. 514

Process Types........................................................................................... 515

Using Signals............................................................................................. 517

Scheduling Processes................................................................................ 521

Scheduling Priorities................................................................................... 522

Changing the Priority of a Time-Sharing Process with nice................... 522

Changing the Scheduling Priority of Processes with priocntl................. 524

Fair Share Scheduler (FSS) and the Fixed Scheduler (FX).................. 525

Using the Solaris Batch-Processing Facility.................................................. 525

Configuring crontab........................................................................... 525

Scheduling a Single System Event (at).............................................. 528

Job Scheduler................................................................................ 531

Summary................................................................................................... 533

Key Terms..................................................................................... 533

Exercises...................................................................................... 534

Exam Questions............................................................................. 535

Answers to Exam Questions........................................................... 539

Suggested Reading and Resources.............................................................. 540

Chapter six
Managing the LP Print Service................................................................................. 541

The Solaris OS Print Service (LP)................................................................. 544

The Solaris Print Service............................................................................. 544

LP Print Service Directories............................................................. 546

The Print Spooler............................................................................ 547

The LP Print Daemons.................................................................... 548

Setting Up the Printer Hardware................................................................... 550

Ethernet Connections...................................................................... 550

Parallel Connections....................................................................... 550

Serial Connections.......................................................................... 550

USB Connections........................................................................... 551

Setting Up a Network Printer ....................................................................... 551

BSD Versus SVR4 Printing Software...