3d Graphics Programming: Games and Beyond Book

	Introduction	1
1	Hardware Interface	7
	History of Computer Graphics and Video Games	7
	Interactions of 3D Applications with the Hardware	12
	Displaying Images on the Computer Screen	16
	Reacting to Events	21
	Using Different Architectures	25
	UNIX and X Windows	26
	Mac OS	28
	MS-DOS and MS Windows	30
	Console Game Platforms	35
	Summary	37
2	Geometric Transformations	39
	Euclidean Spaces, Scalars, Points, and Vectors	40
	Rigid Transformations	43
	Translation	44
	Rotation in 2D	46
	Rotation in 3D	48
	Evaluating Trigonometric Functions	55
	Structure Deforming Transformations	58
	Scaling	58
	Shearing	59
	Representing Transformations in a Matrix Form	60
	Projection Transformations	66
	Parallel Projection	66
	Perspective Projection	68
	Fractional Arithmetic	73
	Floating Point Arithmetic	75
	Fixed Point Arithmetic	77
	Hardware Assistance for Geometric Transformations	82
	Summary	85
3	Rasterization	87
	Rasterizing Points	88
	Rasterizing Line Segments	90
	Rasterizing Polygons	98
	Rasterizing Convex Polygons	99
	Rasterizing Concave Polygons	105
	Rendering Interpolatively (Gouraud) Shaded Polygons	110
	Rendering Textured Polygons	113
	Linear Texture Mapping	114
	Perspective Texture Mapping	116
	Texture Mapping Using Quadric Curves	120
	Anti-Aliasing	124
	Area Sampling	124
	Filtering	125
	Summary	127
4	Clipping	129
	2D Clipping Strategies	130
	Clipping Points	131
	Clipping Line Segments	132
	Clipping Polygons	137
	3D Clipping Strategies	142
	Summary	148
5	Viewing	149
	World-to-Screen Methods	150
	Parameters of the Viewing System	153
	Polygonal Pipeline	159
	Textured Polygons	161
	Screen-to-World Methods	164
	Line Equation	166
	Plane Equation	168
	Intersection of a Line and a Plane	172
	Intersection of a Line and a Polygon	173
	Intersection of a Line and a Sphere	179
	Intersection of a Line and a Cylinder	180
	Finding the Proper Intersection	181
	Optimizing Ray-Casting	183
	Summary	185
6	Modeling	187
	Wireframe Models	188
	Polygonal Models	190
	Billboards	193
	Cubic Curves and Bicubic Patches	194
	2D Curves	195
	3D Curves and Patches	202
	Landscapes	208
	Voxel Models	212
	Summary	215
7	Hidden Surface Removal	217
	Back-Face Culling	218
	Determining Back Surface	220
	The Place of Back-Face Culling in the Pipeline	222
	Back-to-Front Sorting	223
	Sorting Algorithms	224
	Comparing Polygons	227
	Well-Founded Order	230
	Order Lists	232
	Quad Trees and Octal Trees	233
	Portals	234
	Binary Space Partition Trees	237
	Beam Trees	243
	Scan-Line Algorithm	246
	Z-Buffer Algorithm	249
	Summary	251
8	Lighting	253
	Physics of Light and Human Perception	253
	Modeling Colors	256
	Achromatic Light (Black and White)	256
	Tri-component Color Models	257
	Modeling Illumination	263
	Ambient Illumination	263
	Diffuse (Lambertian) Reflection	265
	Specular Reflection	270
	Illumination in Screen-to-World Viewing	275
	Local Screen-to-World Illumination	275
	Global Screen-to-World Illumination	276
	Radiosity	281
	Illumination in World-to-Screen Viewing	283
	Local World-to-Screen Illumination	284
	Global World-to-Screen Illumination	289
	Summary	293
9	Application Design	295
	General Approaches to Design	296
	Object-Oriented Programming	299
	Error Handling	303
	State Machine	305
	Scripting	307
	Special Hardware	310
	Algorithms Implemented in Hardware	310
	Integration of Graphics Hardware	312
	Building Tools	316
	OpenGL	317
	Direct3D	320
	Glide	321
	Design Strategies	322
	Viewing Solid Bodies	322
	Viewing Interior Scenes	326
	Viewing Exterior Scenes	328
	Summary	329
	Appendixes	331
A	3Dgpl Graphics Library	333
	Legal	333
	Modules	334
	Hardware Module	334
	Graphics Module	335
	Clipper Module	336
	Trans Module	337
	Light Module	338
	Engine Module	338
	Shape Module	339
	Vector Module	340
	Trace Module	340
	Data Module	341
	Sample Applications	342
	Compiling	343
B	Common Formulas	345
	Linear Algebra	345
	Geometric Transformations	345
	Analytical Geometry	347
	Illumination	348
C	Additional Reading	351
	Index	355