International Environmental Law: Fairness, Effectiveness, and World Order Book

Foreword   W. Michael Reisman     xi
Abbreviations     xiii
Introduction     1
Introduction to International Environmental Law     5
The World Community and International Law     5
International Law     5
States     6
Sovereignty
Wealth
Cooperation
International Organizations     11
Nongovernmental Actors     16
International Lawmaking Process     20
Treaties     21
Custom     23
Principles of Law     24
Other Sources     25
Content     25
Perspectives     27
Developed Countries     27
Developing Countries     28
Historical Evolution     30
Stockholm     30
Rio     32
Johannesburg     35
From Stockholm to Johannesburg     38
Case Law     39
Globalization and International Law     47
Principles     49
Sovereignty over Natural Resources     49
Obligation Not to Cause Damage     50
Principles of Preventive Action and Precaution     50
Polluter Pays Principle andEquitable Sharing of Cost     51
Sustainable Development     52
Equitable Utilization     53
Common but Differentiated Responsibilities     54
Human Rights     54
Settlement of Disputes     55
Monitoring and Enforcement     57
Foundations of International Environmental Law     59
Functions of Law     59
Foundations     65
Minimum Order     66
Equity     67
Effectiveness as Equity     70
Cost-Effectiveness     73
Regulation of Natural Resources     75
Enclosure of National Commons     78
Enclosure of Global Commons     80
Fisheries     81
Deep Sea-Bed Resources     83
Germplasm and Related Knowledge     86
Freshwater Resources     88
Air     89
Seas     91
Waste Management     92
National Biodiversity Resources     93
Enclosure of Global Commons and Global Welfare     95
International Instruments     108
Conclusion     111
Compliance and Governance Mechanisms     114
Environmental and Strategic Impact Assessment     114
State Obligations     120
Exchange of Information     121
Notification     122
Consultation     123
Reporting/Monitoring     124
Verification and Compliance     126
Right to Information and Participation and Access to Justice     129
International Instruments     129
Application of Right to Information     136
Conclusion     140
Marine Environment     141
State of Marine Environment     141
Integrated Coastal Zone Management     144
Evolution of International Instruments     146
Law of the Sea Convention     146
Pollution from Dumping     148
Regional Management     153
Pollution from Ships     154
Emergency Situations     159
Safety Regulations     159
Selected Regional Instruments     161
Protection of the Northeast Atlantic     161
Protection of the Baltic Sea     162
UNEP Regional Seas Program     163
Conclusion     167
Water Resources     169
State of Water Resources     169
Issues in Water Management      172
Allocation and Equity     172
Substantive Equity
Procedural Equity and Institutional Development
Principled Equitable Utilization or Ad Hoc Regionalism?
Efficiency and Quality     179
Integrated Water Resources Management     182
National
International
Case Law     185
International Instruments     188
Regional Instruments     192
Africa     193
Asia     209
Middle East     218
Europe     223
Suprabasin Instruments
Basin-Specific Instruments
American Region     239
United States-Canada
United States-Mexico
Conclusion     243
Fisheries Resources     244
State of World Fisheries     244
National Management of Fisheries Resources     245
Regulation     245
Privatization     247
International Management of Fisheries Resources     250
Law of the Sea Convention     250
Case Law     251
International Instruments     258
Agreement on Fisheries Management
FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries
Regional Agreements     264
Case Studies     268
South East Atlantic Fisheries Organization (SEAFO)
South Pacific Forum Fisheries Agency (SPFFA) and Western and Central Pacific Commission (WCPC)
North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission (NEAFC)
Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization (NAFO)
International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tuna (ICCAT)
General Fisheries Commission of the Mediterranean (GFCM)
Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
Conclusion     286
Biodiversity     288
Biodiversity Management     288
State of Biodiversity Resources     288
National and Transnational Protected Areas     289
Gene Banks     296
International Instruments     299
Biodiversity Convention     299
Biodiversity Protection
Resource Allocation
Market Value of Biodiversity
Bilateral Redistribution
Transnational Redistribution
Institutionalized Redistribution
Trade and Biodiversity     314
Protection of Habitats     316
World Heritage Sites     316
Forests     318
Wetlands     322
Regional Instruments     323
Europe     323
Africa     326
South East Asia     330
Antarctica     332
Other Regional Instruments     333
Protection of Species     335
Protection of Migratory Species      335
Protection of Whales     337
Protection of Seals     339
Other Agreements     340
Conclusion     342
Air Pollution     343
Ozone Depletion     344
Negotiating Process     344
Legislative Instruments     346
Protection of Ozone Layer
Regulation of Ozone-Depleting Substances
Conclusion     355
Climate Change     356
Negotiating Process     357
Legislative Instruments     361
Convention on Climate Change
Regulation of Greenhouse Gases
Market-Based Regulation of Greenhouse Gases
Conclusion     373
Transfrontier Air Pollution     374
Legislative Instruments     376
Convention on Transboundary Air Pollution
Regulation of Air Pollutants
Conclusion     382
Trade and Environment     383
World Trade Institutions     383
The Treaties     384
Dispute Settlement     385
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade     386
Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures     394
Intellectual Property Rights and Trade     399
Intellectual Property Rights Institutions and Trade     401
Intellectual Property Rights and Pharmaceuticals     409
Intellectual Property Rights and Genetic Resources     412
Letter of TRIPs
State Practice
Seed Wars
TRIPs and Traditional Knowledge
TRIPs and Farmers' Rights
Conclusion     420
Hazardous and Radioactive Wastes     424
State of International Waste Trade     424
State of Waste Management     425
Landfill/Geologic Disposal     425
Marine Disposal     426
Treatment     426
Incineration     426
Recycling and Reprocessing     427
International Instruments     428
Hazardous Wastes     428
Radioactive Wastes     434
National Regulatory Dilemmas     437
The United States     437
Management of Hazardous Wastes
Management of Radioactive Wastes
Management of Waste Trade
European Union     441
Management of Hazardous Wastes
Management of Radioactive Wastes
Management of Waste Trade
Conclusion     446
Liability and State Responsibility     448
Oil Pollution     451
Hazardous Materials Trade     456
CRTD Convention     456
HNS Convention     459
Liability for Waste Trade     461
Nuclear Energy      462
Liability for Damage to the Environment     466
State Responsibility     468
International Liability     475
Conclusion     481
International Treaties and Other Instruments     482
List of Cases     491
Index     495