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Foreword W. Michael Reisman xi
Abbreviations xiii
Introduction 1
Introduction to International Environmental Law 5
The World Community and International Law 5
International Law 5
States 6
Sovereignty
Wealth
Cooperation
International Organizations 11
Nongovernmental Actors 16
International Lawmaking Process 20
Treaties 21
Custom 23
Principles of Law 24
Other Sources 25
Content 25
Perspectives 27
Developed Countries 27
Developing Countries 28
Historical Evolution 30
Stockholm 30
Rio 32
Johannesburg 35
From Stockholm to Johannesburg 38
Case Law 39
Globalization and International Law 47
Principles 49
Sovereignty over Natural Resources 49
Obligation Not to Cause Damage 50
Principles of Preventive Action and Precaution 50
Polluter Pays Principle andEquitable Sharing of Cost 51
Sustainable Development 52
Equitable Utilization 53
Common but Differentiated Responsibilities 54
Human Rights 54
Settlement of Disputes 55
Monitoring and Enforcement 57
Foundations of International Environmental Law 59
Functions of Law 59
Foundations 65
Minimum Order 66
Equity 67
Effectiveness as Equity 70
Cost-Effectiveness 73
Regulation of Natural Resources 75
Enclosure of National Commons 78
Enclosure of Global Commons 80
Fisheries 81
Deep Sea-Bed Resources 83
Germplasm and Related Knowledge 86
Freshwater Resources 88
Air 89
Seas 91
Waste Management 92
National Biodiversity Resources 93
Enclosure of Global Commons and Global Welfare 95
International Instruments 108
Conclusion 111
Compliance and Governance Mechanisms 114
Environmental and Strategic Impact Assessment 114
State Obligations 120
Exchange of Information 121
Notification 122
Consultation 123
Reporting/Monitoring 124
Verification and Compliance 126
Right to Information and Participation and Access to Justice 129
International Instruments 129
Application of Right to Information 136
Conclusion 140
Marine Environment 141
State of Marine Environment 141
Integrated Coastal Zone Management 144
Evolution of International Instruments 146
Law of the Sea Convention 146
Pollution from Dumping 148
Regional Management 153
Pollution from Ships 154
Emergency Situations 159
Safety Regulations 159
Selected Regional Instruments 161
Protection of the Northeast Atlantic 161
Protection of the Baltic Sea 162
UNEP Regional Seas Program 163
Conclusion 167
Water Resources 169
State of Water Resources 169
Issues in Water Management 172
Allocation and Equity 172
Substantive Equity
Procedural Equity and Institutional Development
Principled Equitable Utilization or Ad Hoc Regionalism?
Efficiency and Quality 179
Integrated Water Resources Management 182
National
International
Case Law 185
International Instruments 188
Regional Instruments 192
Africa 193
Asia 209
Middle East 218
Europe 223
Suprabasin Instruments
Basin-Specific Instruments
American Region 239
United States-Canada
United States-Mexico
Conclusion 243
Fisheries Resources 244
State of World Fisheries 244
National Management of Fisheries Resources 245
Regulation 245
Privatization 247
International Management of Fisheries Resources 250
Law of the Sea Convention 250
Case Law 251
International Instruments 258
Agreement on Fisheries Management
FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries
Regional Agreements 264
Case Studies 268
South East Atlantic Fisheries Organization (SEAFO)
South Pacific Forum Fisheries Agency (SPFFA) and Western and Central Pacific Commission (WCPC)
North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission (NEAFC)
Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization (NAFO)
International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tuna (ICCAT)
General Fisheries Commission of the Mediterranean (GFCM)
Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
Conclusion 286
Biodiversity 288
Biodiversity Management 288
State of Biodiversity Resources 288
National and Transnational Protected Areas 289
Gene Banks 296
International Instruments 299
Biodiversity Convention 299
Biodiversity Protection
Resource Allocation
Market Value of Biodiversity
Bilateral Redistribution
Transnational Redistribution
Institutionalized Redistribution
Trade and Biodiversity 314
Protection of Habitats 316
World Heritage Sites 316
Forests 318
Wetlands 322
Regional Instruments 323
Europe 323
Africa 326
South East Asia 330
Antarctica 332
Other Regional Instruments 333
Protection of Species 335
Protection of Migratory Species 335
Protection of Whales 337
Protection of Seals 339
Other Agreements 340
Conclusion 342
Air Pollution 343
Ozone Depletion 344
Negotiating Process 344
Legislative Instruments 346
Protection of Ozone Layer
Regulation of Ozone-Depleting Substances
Conclusion 355
Climate Change 356
Negotiating Process 357
Legislative Instruments 361
Convention on Climate Change
Regulation of Greenhouse Gases
Market-Based Regulation of Greenhouse Gases
Conclusion 373
Transfrontier Air Pollution 374
Legislative Instruments 376
Convention on Transboundary Air Pollution
Regulation of Air Pollutants
Conclusion 382
Trade and Environment 383
World Trade Institutions 383
The Treaties 384
Dispute Settlement 385
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 386
Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures 394
Intellectual Property Rights and Trade 399
Intellectual Property Rights Institutions and Trade 401
Intellectual Property Rights and Pharmaceuticals 409
Intellectual Property Rights and Genetic Resources 412
Letter of TRIPs
State Practice
Seed Wars
TRIPs and Traditional Knowledge
TRIPs and Farmers' Rights
Conclusion 420
Hazardous and Radioactive Wastes 424
State of International Waste Trade 424
State of Waste Management 425
Landfill/Geologic Disposal 425
Marine Disposal 426
Treatment 426
Incineration 426
Recycling and Reprocessing 427
International Instruments 428
Hazardous Wastes 428
Radioactive Wastes 434
National Regulatory Dilemmas 437
The United States 437
Management of Hazardous Wastes
Management of Radioactive Wastes
Management of Waste Trade
European Union 441
Management of Hazardous Wastes
Management of Radioactive Wastes
Management of Waste Trade
Conclusion 446
Liability and State Responsibility 448
Oil Pollution 451
Hazardous Materials Trade 456
CRTD Convention 456
HNS Convention 459
Liability for Waste Trade 461
Nuclear Energy 462
Liability for Damage to the Environment 466
State Responsibility 468
International Liability 475
Conclusion 481
International Treaties and Other Instruments 482
List of Cases 491
Index 495
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