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Preface | XV | |
Part 1 | Fundamentals | |
Chapter 1 | Introduction | 3 |
1.1 | System Performance Measures | 4 |
1.1.1 | Average Signal-to-Noise Ratio | 4 |
1.1.2 | Outage Probability | 5 |
1.1.3 | Average Bit Error Probability | 6 |
1.2 | Conclusions | 12 |
References | 13 | |
Chapter 2 | Fading Channel Characterization and Modeling | 15 |
2.1 | Main Characteristics of Fading Channels | 15 |
2.1.1 | Envelope and Phase Fluctuations | 15 |
2.1.2 | Slow and Fast Fading | 16 |
2.1.3 | Frequency-Flat and Frequency-Selective Fading | 16 |
2.2 | Modeling of Flat Fading Channels | 17 |
2.2.1 | Multipath Fading | 18 |
2.2.2 | Log-Normal Shadowing | 23 |
2.2.3 | Composite Multipath/Shadowing | 24 |
2.2.4 | Combined (Time-Shared) Shadowed/Unshadowed Fading | 25 |
2.3 | Modeling of Frequency-Selective Fading Channels | 26 |
References | 28 | |
Chapter 3 | Types of Communication | 31 |
3.1 | Ideal Coherent Detection | 31 |
3.1.1 | Multiple Amplitude-Shift-Keying or Multiple Amplitude Modulation | 33 |
3.1.2 | Quadrature Amplitude-Shift-Keying or Quadrature Amplitude Modulation | 34 |
3.1.3 | M-ary Phase-Shift-Keying | 35 |
3.1.4 | Differentially Encoded M-ary Phase-Shift-Keying | 39 |
3.1.5 | Offset QPSK or Staggered QPSK | 41 |
3.1.6 | M-ary Frequency-Shift-Keying | 43 |
3.1.7 | Minimum-Shift-Keying | 45 |
3.2 | Nonideal Coherent Detection | 47 |
3.3 | Noncoherent Detection | 53 |
3.4 | Partially Coherent Detection | 55 |
3.4.1 | Conventional Detection: One-Symbol Observation | 55 |
3.4.2 | Multiple Symbol Detection | 57 |
3.5 | Differentially Coherent Detection | 59 |
3.5.1 | M-ary Differential Phase Shift Keying | 59 |
3.5.2 | [pi]/4-Differential QPSK | 65 |
References | 65 | |
Part 2 | Mathematical Tools | |
Chapter 4 | Alternative Representations of Classical Functions | 69 |
4.1 | Gaussian Q-Function | 70 |
4.1.1 | One-Dimensional Case | 70 |
4.1.2 | Two-Dimensional Case | 72 |
4.2 | Marcum Q-Function | 74 |
4.2.1 | First-Order Marcum Q-Function | 74 |
4.2.2 | Generalized (mth-Order) Marcum Q-Function | 81 |
4.3 | Other Functions | 90 |
References | 94 | |
Appendix 4A | Derivation of Eq. (4.2) | 95 |
Chapter 5 | Useful Expressions for Evaluating Average Error Probability Performance | 99 |
5.1 | Integrals Involving the Gaussian Q-Function | 99 |
5.1.1 | Rayleigh Fading Channel | 101 |
5.1.2 | Nakagami-q (Hoyt) Fading Channel | 101 |
5.1.3 | Nakagami-n (Rice) Fading Channel | 102 |
5.1.4 | Nakagami-m Fading Channel | 102 |
5.1.5 | Log-Normal Shadowing Channel | 104 |
5.1.6 | Composite Log-Normal Shadowing/Nakagami-m Fading Channel | 104 |
5.2 | Integrals Involving the Marcum Q-Function | 107 |
5.2.1 | Rayleigh Fading Channel | 108 |
5.2.2 | Nakagami-q (Hoyt) Fading Channel | 109 |
5.2.3 | Nakagami-n (Rice) Fading Channel | 109 |
5.2.4 | Nakagami-m Fading Channel | 109 |
5.2.5 | Log-Normal Shadowing Channel | 109 |
5.2.6 | Composite Log-Normal Shadowing/Nakagami-m Fading Channel | 110 |
5.3 | Integrals Involving the Incomplete Gamma Function | 111 |
5.3.1 | Rayleigh Fading Channel | 112 |
5.3.2 | Nakagami-q (Hoyt) Fading Channel | 112 |
5.3.3 | Nakagami-n (Rice) Fading Channel | 112 |
5.3.4 | Nakagami-m Fading Channel | 113 |
5.3.5 | Log-Normal Shadowing Channel | 114 |
5.3.6 | Composite Log-Normal Shadowing/Nakagami-m Fading Channel | 114 |
5.4 | Integrals Involving Other Functions | 114 |
5.4.1 | M-PSK Error Probability Integral | 114 |
5.4.2 | Arbitrary Two-Dimensional Signal Constellation Error Probability Integral | 116 |
5.4.3 | Integer Powers of the Gaussian Q-Function | 117 |
5.4.4 | Integer Powers of M-PSK Error Probability Integrals | 121 |
References | 124 | |
Appendix 5A | Evaluation of Definite Integrals Associated with Rayleigh and Nakagami-m Fading | 124 |
Chapter 6 | New Representations of Some PDF's and CDF's for Correlative Fading Applications | 141 |
6.1 | Bivariate Rayleigh PDF and CDF | 142 |
6.2 | PDF and CDF for Maximum of Two Rayleigh Random Variables | 146 |
6.3 | PDF and CDF for Maximum of Two Nakagami-m Random Variables | 149 |
References | 152 | |
Part 3 | Optimum Reception and Performance Evaluation | |
Chapter 7 | Optimum Receivers for Fading Channels | 157 |
7.1 | Case of Known Amplitudes, Phases, and Delays: Coherent Detection | 159 |
7.2 | The Case of Known Phases and Delays, Unknown Amplitudes | 163 |
7.2.1 | Rayleigh Fading | 163 |
7.2.2 | Nakagami-m Fading | 164 |
7.3 | Case of Known Amplitudes and Delays, Unknown Phases | 166 |
7.4 | Case of Known Delays and Unknown Amplitudes and Phases | 168 |
7.4.1 | One-Symbol Observation: Noncoherent Detection | 168 |
7.4.2 | Two-Symbol Observation: Conventional Differentially Coherent Detection | 181 |
7.4.3 | N-Symbol Observation: Multiple Symbol Differentially Coherent Detection | 186 |
7.5 | Case of Unknown Amplitudes, Phases, and Delays | 188 |
7.5.1 | One-Symbol Observation: Noncoherent Detection | 188 |
7.5.2 | Two-Symbol Observation: Conventional Differentially Coherent Detection | 190 |
References | 191 | |
Chapter 8 | Performance of Single Channel Receives | 193 |
8.1 | Performance Over the AWGN Channel | 193 |
8.1.1 | Ideal Coherent Detection | 194 |
8.1.2 | Nonideal Coherent Detection | 206 |
8.1.3 | Noncoherent Detection | 209 |
8.1.4 | Partially Coherent Detection | 210 |
8.1.5 | Differentially Coherent Detection | 213 |
8.1.6 | Generic Results for Binary Signaling | 218 |
8.2 | Performance Over Fading Channels | 219 |
8.2.1 | Ideal Coherent Detection | 220 |
8.2.2 | Nonideal Coherent Detection | 234 |
8.2.3 | Noncoherent Detection | 239 |
8.2.4 | Partially Coherent Detection | 242 |
8.2.5 | Differentially Coherent Detection | 243 |
References | 251 | |
Appendix 8A | Stein's Unified Analysis of the Error Probability Performance of Certain Communication Systems | 253 |
Chapter 9 | Performance of Multichannel Receivers | 259 |
9.1 | Diversity Combining | 260 |
9.1.1 | Diversity Concept | 260 |
9.1.2 | Mathematical Modeling | 260 |
9.1.3 | Brief Survey of Diversity Combining Techniques | 261 |
9.1.4 | Complexity-Performance Trade-offs | 264 |
9.2 | Maximal-Ratio Combining | 265 |
9.2.1 | Receiver Structure | 265 |
9.2.2 | PDF-Based Approach | 267 |
9.2.3 | MGF-Based Approach | 268 |
9.2.4 | Bounds and Asymptotic SER Expressions | 275 |
9.3 | Coherent Equal Gain Combining | 278 |
9.3.1 | Receiver Structure | 279 |
9.3.2 | Average Output SNR | 279 |
9.3.3 | Exact Error Rate Analysis | 281 |
9.3.4 | Approximate Error Rate Analysis | 288 |
9.3.5 | Asymptotic Error Rate Analysis | 289 |
9.4 | Noncoherent Equal-Gain Combining | 290 |
9.4.1 | DPSK, DQPSK, and BFSK: Exact and Bounds | 290 |
9.4.2 | M-ary Orthogonal FSK | 304 |
9.5 | Outage Probability Performance | 311 |
9.5.1 | MRC and Noncoherent EGC | 312 |
9.5.2 | Coherent EGC | 313 |
9.5.3 | Numerical Examples | 314 |
9.6 | Impact of Fading Correlation | 316 |
9.6.1 | Model A: Two Correlated Branches with Nonidentical Fading | 320 |
9.6.2 | Model B: D Identically Distributed Branches with Constant Correlation | 323 |
9.6.3 | Model C: D Identically Distributed Branches with Exponential Correlation | 324 |
9.6.4 | Model D: D Nonidentically Distributed Branches with Arbitrary Correlation | 325 |
9.6.5 | Numerical Examples | 329 |
9.7 | Selection Combining | 333 |
9.7.1 | MGF of Output SNR | 335 |
9.7.2 | Average Output SNR | 336 |
9.7.3 | Outage Probability | 338 |
9.7.4 | Average Probability of Error | 340 |
9.8 | Switched Diversity | 348 |
9.8.1 | Performance of SSC over Independent Identically Distributed Branches | 348 |
9.8.2 | Effect of Branch Unbalance | 362 |
9.8.3 | Effect of Branch Correlation | 366 |
9.9 | Performance in the Presence of Outdated or Imperfect Channel Estimates | 370 |
9.9.1 | Maximal-Ratio Combining | 370 |
9.9.2 | Noncoherent EGC over Rician Fast Fading | 371 |
9.9.3 | Selection Combining | 373 |
9.9.4 | Switched Diversity | 374 |
9.9.5 | Numerical Results | 377 |
9.10 | Hybrid Diversity Schemes | 378 |
9.10.1 | Generalized Selection Combining | 378 |
9.10.2 | Generalized Switched Diversity | 403 |
9.10.3 | Two-Dimensional Diversity Schemes | 408 |
References | 411 | |
Appendix 9A | Alternative Forms of the Bit Error Probability for a Decision Statistic that is a Quadratic Form of Complex Gaussian Random Variables | 421 |
Appendix 9B | Simple Numerical Techniques for the Inversion of the Laplace Transform of Cumulative Distribution Functions | 427 |
9B.1 | Euler Summation-Based Technique | 427 |
9B.2 | Gauss-Chebyshev Quadrature-Based Technique | 428 |
Appendix 9C | Proof of Theorem 1 | 430 |
Appendix 9D | Direct Proof of Eq. (9.331) | 431 |
Appendix 9E | Special Definite Integrals | 432 |
Part 4 | Application in Practical Communication Systems | |
Chapter 10 | Optimum Combining: A Diversity Technique for Communication Over Fading Channels in the Presence of Interference | 437 |
10.1 | Performance of Optimum Combining Receivers | 438 |
10.1.1 | Single Interferer, Independent Identically Distributed Fading | 438 |
10.1.2 | Multiple Interferers, Independent Identically Distributed Fading | 454 |
10.1.3 | Comparison with Results for MRC in the Presence of Interference | 466 |
References | 470 | |
Chapter 11 | Direct-Sequence Code-Division Multiple Access | 473 |
11.1 | Single-Carrier DS-CDMA Systems | 474 |
11.1.1 | System and Channel Models | 474 |
11.1.2 | Performance Analysis | 477 |
11.2 | Multicarrier DS-CDMA Systems | 479 |
11.2.1 | System and Channel Models | 480 |
11.2.2 | Performance Analysis | 483 |
11.2.3 | Numerical Examples | 489 |
References | 492 | |
Part 5 | Further Extensions | |
Chapter 12 | Coded Communication Over Fading Channels | 497 |
12.1 | Coherent Detection | 499 |
12.1.1 | System Model | 499 |
12.1.2 | Evaluation of Pairwise Error Probability | 502 |
12.1.3 | Transfer Function Bound on Average Bit Error Probability | 510 |
12.1.4 | Alternative Formulation of the Transfer Function Bound | 513 |
12.1.5 | Example | 514 |
12.2 | Differentially Coherent Detection | 520 |
12.2.1 | System Model | 520 |
12.2.2 | Performance Evaluation | 522 |
12.2.3 | Example | 524 |
12.3 | Numerical Results: Comparison of the True Upper Bounds and Union-Chernoff Bounds | 526 |
References | 530 | |
Appendix 12A | Evaluation of a Moment Generating Function Associated with Differential Detection of M-PSK Sequences | 532 |
Index | 535 |
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