Electromagnetic Shielding Book

Preface     xi
Electromagnetics behind Shielding     1
Definitions     1
Notation, Symbology, and Acronyms     3
Basic Electromagnetics     4
Macroscopic Electromagnetism and Maxwell's Equations     4
Constitutive Relations     6
Discontinuities and Singularities     9
Initial and Boundary Conditions     11
Poynting's Theorem and Energy Considerations     11
Fundamental Theorems     13
Wave Equations, Helmholtz Equations, Electromagnetic Potentials, and Green's Functions     15
Basic Shielding Mechanisms     18
Source Inside or Outside the Shielding Structure and Reciprocity     18
References     19
Shielding Materials     21
Standard Metallic and Ferromagnetic Materials     21
Ferrimagnetic Materials     27
Ferroelectric Materials     28
Thin Films and Conductive Coatings     30
Other Materials Suitable for EM Shielding Applications     32
Structural Materials     32
Conductive Polymers     32
Conductive Glasses and Transparent Materials     33
Conductive (and Ferromagnetic or Ferrimagnetic) Papers     33
Special Materials     33
Metamaterials and Chiral Materials     33
Composite Materials     36
Nanomaterials     37
High-Temperature Superconductors     37
References     38
Figures of Merit for Shielding Configurations     42
(Local) Shielding Effectiveness     42
The Global Point of View     45
Other Proposals of Figures of Merit     46
Statistical Methods     50
Energy-Based, Content-Oriented Definition     52
Performance of Shielded Cables     53
References     53
Shielding Effectiveness of Stratified Media     55
Electromagnetic Plane Waves: Definitions and Properties     55
Uniform Plane Waves Incident on a Planar Shield     58
Transmission-Line Approach     58
The Single Planar Shield     61
Multiple (or Laminated) Shields     66
Plane Waves Normally Incident on Cylindrical Shielding Surfaces     67
Plane Waves against Spherical Shields     74
Limits to the Extension of the TL Analogy to Near-Field Sources     75
References     84
Numerical Methods for Shielding Analyses     87
Finite-Element Method     89
Method of Moments     99
Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method     110
Finite Integration Technique     119
Transmission-Line Matrix Method     124
Partial Element Equivalent Circuit Method     127
Case Study: Scattering from a Perfectly Conducting Enclosure with a Rectangular Aperture     134
References     137
Apertures in Planar Metal Screens     144
Historical Background     145
Statement of the Problem     146
Low-Frequency Analysis: Transmission through Small Apertures     147
The Small Circular-Aperture Case     148
Small Noncircular Apertures     154
Finite Number of Small Apertures     155
Rigorous Analysis for Apertures of Arbitrary Shape: Integral Equation Formulation     157
Rules of Thumb     160
References     161
Enclosures     164
Modal Expansion of Electromagnetic Fields inside a Metallic Enclosure     165
Oscillations inside an Ideal Source-Free Enclosure     168
The Enclosure Dyadic Green Function     169
Excitation of a Metallic Enclosure     172
Damped Oscillations inside Enclosures with Lossy Walls and Quality Factor      173
Apertures in Perfectly Conducting Enclosures     175
Small-Aperture Approximation     176
Rigorous Analysis: Integral-Equation Formulation     178
Aperture-Cavity Resonances     180
Small Loading Effects     183
The Rectangular Enclosure     184
Symmetry Considerations     187
Shielding Effectiveness of a Rectangular Enclosure with a Circular Hole     188
External Sources: Plane-Wave Excitation     189
Internal Sources: Electric and Magnetic Dipole Excitations     192
References     198
Cable Shielding     200
Transfer Impedance in Tubular Shielded Cables and Aperture Effects     201
Relationship between Transfer Impedance and Shielding Effectiveness     206
Actual Cables and Harnesses     207
References     208
Components and Installation Guidelines     210
Gaskets     210
Shielded Windows     214
Electromagnetic Absorbers     215
Shielded Connectors     216
Air-Ventilation Systems     216
Fuses, Switches, and Other Similar Components     217
References     217
Frequency Selective Surfaces      219
Analysis of Periodic Structures     220
Floquet's Theorem and Spatial Harmonics     220
Plane-Wave Incidence on a Planar 1D Periodic Structure     222
Plane-Wave Incidence on a Planar 2D Periodic Structure     223
High- and Low-Pass FSSs     225
Band-Pass and Band-Stop FSSs     228
Center-Connected Elements or N-Pole Elements     229
Loop-Type Elements     230
Solid-Interior-Type Elements     230
Combinations and Fractal Elements     231
Degrees of Freedom in Designing FSSs     231
Reconfigurable and Active FSSs     232
FSSs and Circuit Analog Absorbers     234
Modeling and Design of FSSs     235
References     236
Shielding Design Guidelines     241
Establishment of the Shielding Requirements     242
Assessment of the Number and Types of Functional Discontinuities     243
Assessment of Dimensional Constraints and Nonelectromagnetic Characteristics of Materials     244
Estimation of Shielding Performance     245
References     246
Uncommon Ways of Shielding     247
Active Shielding     247
Partial Shields     252
Chiral Shielding     255
Metamaterial Shielding     256
References     260
Electrostatic Shielding     263
Basics Laws of Electrostatics     264
Electrostatic Tools: Electrostatic Potential and Green's Function     266
Electrostatic Shields     270
Conductive Electrostatic Shields     270
Dielectric Electrostatic Shields     274
Aperture Effects in Conductive Shields     279
References     281
Magnetic Shielding     282
Magnetic Shielding Mechanism     283
Calculation Methods     286
Boundary-Value Problems     288
Spherical Magnetic Conducting Shield     288
Cylindrical Magnetic Conducting Shield in a Transverse Magnetic Field     293
Cylindrical Magnetic Conducting Shield in a Parallel Magnetic Field     297
Infinite Plane     301
Ferromagnetic Shields with Hysteresis     314
References     314
Standards and Measurement Methods     317
MIL-STD 285 and IEEE STD-299     319
NSA 65-6 and NSA 94-106     324
ASTM E1851     325
ASTM D4935     326
MIL-STD 461E      328
Code of Federal Regulations, Title 47, Part 15     335
ANSI/SCTE 48-3     337
MIL-STD 1377     338
IEC Standards     339
ITU-T Recommendations     344
Automotive Standards     346
References     350
Index     353