| Preface | xii |
| Acknowledgments | xv |
1 | Language learning and language learners | 1 |
| Why learn a language as an adult? | 1 |
| Which language to choose? | 3 |
| What does learning a language involve? | 4 |
| How far do you want to take it? | 7 |
| What do you hope to get out of your language learning? | 9 |
| What sort of a learner are you? | 10 |
| Individual differences | 10 |
| Self-awareness | 11 |
| Learner independence | 14 |
| Modes of study | 14 |
| Opportunities and providers | 15 |
| How to use this book | 17 |
| Summary of key points | 19 |
2 | Getting started | 21 |
| Choosing the right course | 21 |
| Importance of past experience | 21 |
| Matching your requirements with what the course offers | 22 |
| Choosing your starting level | 22 |
| Amount of contact with the language | 22 |
| Placement and diagnostic tests | 22 |
| Choosing and organizing your learning resources | 25 |
| Dictionaries, grammar books | 25 |
| VCR and DVD players | 25 |
| CD players and cassette recorders | 25 |
| Computers | 25 |
| Organizing your physical resources | 26 |
| Where to study | 26 |
| Study environment | 27 |
| Storage and filing | 27 |
| Working with and around friends and family | 28 |
| Managing your time | 28 |
| Making the best use of your time | 30 |
| Low and high concentration times | 30 |
| Establishing priorities and making selections | 31 |
| Opportunities for study | 32 |
| Keeping records | 33 |
| Summary of key points | 34 |
3 | Becoming an effective learner | 35 |
| Learning on your own | 35 |
| Learning with others | 36 |
| Learning with others in a language classroom | 37 |
| Studying independently | 38 |
| Building on previous experience | 39 |
| Making use of prior knowledge | 40 |
| Developing skills to help you learn | 42 |
| Making and keeping notes | 42 |
| Different ways of making notes | 43 |
| Using a dictionary | 48 |
| Dictionary features | 48 |
| Developing strategies to improve your learning | 50 |
| Knowing how to prepare yourself | 51 |
| Maintaining your confidence | 53 |
| Working with model answers and keys | 55 |
| Taking risks and learning from mistakes | 55 |
| The advantages of risk-taking | 56 |
| Developing an independent approach and taking responsibility | 58 |
| Summary of key points | 59 |
4 | Reflection and self-evaluation | 60 |
| What does reflection mean? | 60 |
| Developing awareness | 61 |
| Awareness of yourself as a language learner | 61 |
| Awareness of the context in which you are learning | 62 |
| Awareness of features of the language you are learning | 63 |
| How the language sounds | 64 |
| Word formation and sentence patterns | 65 |
| The social and cultural role of the language | 66 |
| Monitoring your progress | 67 |
| Keeping a learner diary or learning log | 67 |
| Using checklists | 68 |
| Using the language you have learned | 70 |
| Assessing your strengths and weaknesses: setting goals | 71 |
| Defining your priorities in order to draw up an action plan | 73 |
| Reviewing your goals | 75 |
| Developing good learning habits | 76 |
| Personal development planning | 76 |
| Summary of key points | 78 |
5 | Developing competence in the language (1): reading and listening skills | 79 |
| Being a reflective learner in the context of reading and listening | 79 |
| What do reading and listening involve? | 80 |
| Reading and listening as processes | 80 |
| What do reading and listening have in common and how do they differ? | 81 |
| Why do we read or listen and what material do we choose? | 83 |
| Reading | 83 |
| Listening | 85 |
| How reading and listening are approached in coursebooks | 86 |
| Reading or listening for information | 87 |
| Exposure to new styles, vocabulary and linguistic practice | 88 |
| Before and after you read or listen | 89 |
| Active reading and listening | 90 |
| Prior knowledge of the topic, vocabulary and type of material | 90 |
| Prior knowledge of commonly used words and phrases | 91 |
| Using clues and exercises to aid comprehension | 91 |
| Making predictions | 91 |
| Hypothesis-testing | 92 |
| Strategies for understanding written material | 92 |
| Becoming familiar with the sound of the language | 94 |
| Reconciling sound and spelling of the target language | 94 |
| Changes in pronunciation of words in different contexts | 94 |
| The importance of stress patterns for recognizing word boundaries | 96 |
| Engaging with the cultural content | 96 |
| Awareness and appreciation of linguistic varieties | 96 |
| Awareness of style and register when reading and listening | 97 |
| Discovering and analysing linguistic and cultural content | 97 |
| Understanding socio-cultural references and their implications | 97 |
| Developing strategies | 98 |
| Creating your own activities for extra practice | 99 |
| Selecting and evaluating your strategies | 99 |
| Summary of key points | 108 |
6 | Developing competence in the language (2): writing and speaking skills | 110 |
| Remembering and activating your vocabulary | 110 |
| Passive and active vocabulary | 111 |
| Being selective | 111 |
| Pairs and strings of words | 112 |
| Remembering and recalling words and phrases | 112 |
| Pronunciation and intonation | 116 |
| Pronunciation | 116 |
| Intonation | 116 |
| Improving your pronunciation and intonation | 117 |
| Accuracy and fluency | 118 |
| Using model texts | 119 |
| Interacting with others | 120 |
| Sounding and looking like a competent speaker of the target language | 120 |
| Giving yourself thinking time: using fillers | 120 |
| Improving your accuracy and range | 121 |
| Getting the message across | 122 |
| Using language in context | 122 |
| Using the language you know | 122 |
| How not to get your message across | 123 |
| Understanding the reply | 124 |
| Preparing what you want to say or write | 124 |
| Making time to prepare | 124 |
| Conventions in speaking and writing | 125 |
| Thinking about the content | 126 |
| Thinking about the structure | 126 |
| Beginning with the basics: a beginning, middle and end | 127 |
| Awareness of audience and purpose | 127 |
| Speaking and writing from notes | 130 |
| Making notes to organize your thoughts | 130 |
| Using your notes | 132 |
| Incorporating language from other sources into your speech or writing | 132 |
| Delivering oral presentations | 133 |
| Making your speech and writing flow | 134 |
| Keeping to the point and presenting a coherent argument | 134 |
| Using 'discourse makers' to help your audience find their way through | 134 |
| Style and register | 136 |
| Style | 136 |
| Register | 137 |
| Evaluating your writing and speaking | 138 |
| Summary of key points | 139 |
7 | The world as a classroom | 140 |
| Why use real-life materials? | 140 |
| A few principles | 141 |
| Television and video | 146 |
| Getting started | 146 |
| Types of TV broadcast | 146 |
| Working with video clips of all kinds | 149 |
| Predicting with and without sound | 149 |
| Predicting with a partner | 149 |
| Predicting headlines and what happens next | 150 |
| Using video for speaking practice | 150 |
| Other active ways of using video | 150 |
| Radio and other audio | 152 |
| Radio | 152 |
| Types of radio broadcast | 153 |
| Audio books | 154 |
| Newspapers and magazines | 155 |
| Books | 156 |
| The Internet | 157 |
| People are resources too! | 158 |
| Other resources | 159 |
| Embassies and institutes | 159 |
| Clubs and associations | 159 |
| Libraries | 159 |
| Summary of key points | 160 |
8 | Using ICT to support your language learning | 161 |
| Types of ICT to support language learning | 161 |
| Using electronic resources in your studies | 162 |
| Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL) materials | 162 |
| Advantages and disadvantages of CALL materials | 163 |
| The Web | 165 |
| What sorts of resources are available on the Web for language learners? | 165 |
| Finding materials and resources on the Web | 166 |
| Evaluating Web materials and resources | 169 |
| Publishing your own material on the Web | 170 |
| E-books | 170 |
| Electronic dictionaries and grammars | 171 |
| Concordancers | 172 |
| Using productivity tools in your studies | 172 |
| Word-processing | 173 |
| Presentation tools | 175 |
| Spreadsheets, databases and referencing tools | 176 |
| Using CMC in your studies | 177 |
| Types of CMC | 177 |
| Communicating in text | 179 |
| Audiographic conferencing | 180 |
| Instant messaging | 183 |
| Summary of key points | 184 |
9 | Assessment | 185 |
| The purpose of assessment | 185 |
| Assessment for accreditation, to gain a qualification | 186 |
| Assessment to help you with your learning | 187 |
| Formative and summative assessment | 187 |
| How are you going to be assessed? | 188 |
| When will you be assessed? | 188 |
| Who will assess you? | 188 |
| What tasks constitute the assessment? | 191 |
| Doing an assignment | 196 |
| Preparing an assignment | 196 |
| Completing your assignment | 199 |
| Getting your assignment back | 201 |
| Making the most of marked assignments | 201 |
| Corrections and what they can tell you | 201 |
| How to work with corrected assignments | 202 |
| Using feedback to become a better language learner | 203 |
| Maintaining a positive attitude: coping with setbacks | 206 |
| Keeping positive: some solutions | 207 |
| Examinations: How can I make sure I do my best in an exam? | 209 |
| What makes an exam different from assignments? | 209 |
| Work throughout the year | 209 |
| Revision | 210 |
| Trial run | 211 |
| On the day | 212 |
| Summary of key points | 212 |
10 | Making the most of support | 214 |
| Making the most of support from your tutor or language adviser | 214 |
| The role of tutors and language advisers | 214 |
| Seeking and using support | 215 |
| Contacting your tutor | 217 |
| Making the most of support from your fellow students | 217 |
| Practising your oral skills | 218 |
| Mutual support and encouragement | 219 |
| Study buddies and groups | 219 |
| Making the most of support from friends and family | 221 |
| Making the most of support in the workplace | 222 |
| Benefits of languages in the workplace | 222 |
| Support from employer | 222 |
| Support from work colleagues | 223 |
| Support from careers advice services | 223 |
| Making the most of support from other speakers of the language | 223 |
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