Ecotoxicology in Theory and Practice Book

	Series foreword
	Preface
	Acknowledgements
1	Answers to some important questions	1
1.1	What is ecotoxicology?	2
1.2	Pollution: what is it and what does it do?	8
1.3	What is the scope of ecotoxicology?	15
1.4	How are assessment and prediction accomplished?	22
1.5	Who performs ecotoxicity tests?	24
2	Decision making in ecotoxicology: science and society meet	28
2.1	Scientific and public perceptions	29
2.2	Deciding what to protect	34
2.3	Deciding what is significant	42
2.4	Deciding what is acceptable	43
2.5	Obstacles to scientific understanding	44
2.6	Ecosystem health: a fit phrase?	48
2.7	Decisions in risk assessment	51
2.8	Decisions in risk management	62
3	Measuring ecotoxicological effects on populations, communities and ecosystems	66
3.1	Field monitoring	67
3.2	Communities	71
3.3	Populations: studies of whole organisms	82
3.4	Populations: physiological and biochemical studies	88
3.5	Populations: genetic studies	98
3.6	Summary and conclusions	103
4	Room for improvement	105
4.1	Application of toxicity testing in ecotoxicology	105
4.2	Dose-effect	106
4.3	Problems with laboratory toxicity tests	109
4.4	Problems with standardization	116
4.5	Ring tests, variability and standardization	127
4.6	Importance of power	133
4.7	Where is the eco?	137
4.8	Tolerance as a quantitative phenotypic trait	139
5	Integrated ecotoxicology: linking fate and effect within a biological hierarchy	149
5.1	A fundamental problem	149
5.2	The approach	150
5.3	Diagenesis of polyaromatic hydrocarbons in marine sediments	154
5.4	The case of the missing benthos	158
5.5	Effects of bioturbational mixing	166
5.6	Linking fate and effect through the biological mixing parameter [subscript B]	168
5.7	Coupling fate and effect to the population level of organization	174
5.8	Quantifying the effect of bioturbation on biodegradation	178
5.9	The science gap	180
6	Ecotoxicology: past, present and future	184
6.1	Where have we been?	185
6.2	Where are we now?	195
6.3	Where are we going?	204
6.4	How do we get there from here?	213
	References	221
	Index	242