Basic Principles and Calculations in Chemical Engineering Book

Preface xiii

Read Me xv

Acknowledgements xix

About the Authors xx

PART I: INTRODUCTION 1

Chapter 1: What are Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering? 3

1.1 Introduction 3

1.2 A Brief History of Chemical Engineering 4

1.3 Where Do Chemical and Bioengineers Work? 6

1.4 Future Contributions of Chemical and Bioengineering 7

1.5 Conclusion 10

Chapter 2: Introductory Concepts 11

2.1 Systems of Units 12

2.2 Conversion of Units 17

2.3 Dimensional Consistency 25

2.4 Significant Figures 29

2.5 Validation of Results 36

2.6 The Mole and Molecular Weight 37

2.7 Choosing a Basis 44

2.8 Density and Specific Gravity 49

2.9 Concentration 55

2.10 Temperature 59

2.11 Pressure and Hydrostatic Head 65

2.12 Flow Rate 78

Part II: Material Balances 99

Chapter 3: Material Balances 101

3.1 Introduction to Material Balances 102

3.2 A General Strategy for Solving Material Balance Problems 123

Chapter 4: Material Balances without Reaction 159

Chapter 5: Material Balances Involving Reactions 189

5.1 Stoichiometry 190

5.2 Terminology for Reaction Systems 198

5.3 Species Mole Balances 210

5.4 Element Material Balances 226

5.5 Material Balances for Combustion Systems 233

Chapter 6: Material Balances for Multi-Unit Systems 267

6.1 Primary Concepts 268

6.2 Sequential Multi-Unit Systems 271

6.3 Recycle Systems 290

6.4 Bypass and Purge 306

6.5 The Industrial Application of Material Balances 314

Part III: Gases, Vapors, and Liquids 347

Chapter 7: Ideal and Real Gases 349

7.1 Ideal Gases 350

7.2 Real Gases: Equations of State 366

7.3 Real Gases: Compressibility Charts 377

7.4 Real Gas Mixtures 384

Chapter 8: Multiphase Equilibrium 411

8.1 Introduction 411

8.2 Phase Diagrams and the Phase Rule 413

8.3 Single Component Two-Phase Systems (Vapor Pressure) 425

8.4 Two-Component Gas/Single-Component Liquid Systems 436

8.5 Two Component Gas/Two Component Liquid Systems 455

8.6 Multicomponent Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium 466

Part IV: Energy 487

Chapter 9: Energy Balances 489

9.1 Terminology Associated with Energy Balances 491

9.2 Types of Energy to Be Included in Energy Balances 496

9.3 Energy Balances without Reaction 530

Chapter 10: Energy Balances: How to Account for Chemical Reaction 597

10.1 The Standard Heat (Enthalpy) of Formation 598

10.2 The Heat (Enthalpy) of Reaction 603

10.3 Integration of Heat of Formation and Sensible Heat 614

10.4 The Heat (Enthalpy) of Combustion 635

CHAPTER 11: Humidity (Psychrometric) Charts and Their Use 653

11.1 Terminology 654

11.2 The Humidity (Psychrometric) Chart 657

11.3 Applications of the Humidity Chart 666

Part V: Supplementary Material 681

Chapter 12: Analysis Of The Degrees Of Freedom in a Steady-State Process 683

Chapter 13: Heats of Solution and Mixing 708

Chapter 14: The Mechanical Energy Balance 728

Chapter 15: Liquids and Gases in Equilibrium with Solids 756

Chapter 16: Solving Material and Energy Balances UsingProcess Simulators (Flowsheeting Codes) 768

Chapter 17: Unsteady-State Material And Energy Balances 800

Appendixes 827

Appendix A: Answers to Supplemental Questions and Problems 829

Appendix B: Atomic Weights and Numbers 844

Appendix C: Table of the Pitzer Z0 and Z1 Factors 845

Appendix D: Heats of Formation and Combustion 850

Appendix E: Answers to Selected Problems 854

Appendix F: Physical Properties Of Various Organic And Inorganic Substances 861

Appendix G: Heat Capacity Equations 873

Appendix H: Vapor Pressures 877

Appendix I: Heats of Solution and Dilution 878

Appendix J: Enthalpy-Concentration Data 879

Appendix K: Thermodynamic Charts 886

Appendix L: Physical Properties of Petroleum Fractions 893

Appendix M: Solution of Sets of Equations 902

Appendix N: Fitting Functions to Data 924

Index 928