Groups: A Counseling Specialty Book

PART ONE-History and Other Aspects of Group Development

CHAPTER 1-History and Trends of Group Works and Current Trends

Uses of Groups Before 1900

Growth of Group Work: 1900 to the Present

1900 to 1909

1910 to 1919

1920 to 1929

1930 to 1939

1940 to 1949

1950 to 1959

1960 to 1969

1970 to 1979

1980 to 1989

1990 to 1999

Current Trends in Group Work

Training/Education in Group Work

Technology and Group Work

Studies on Group Effectiveness

Brief Group Work: Solution-Focused Counseling Groups

The Future of Group Work

Summary and Conclusion

Classroom Exercises

CHAPTER 2-Types of Group Work

Models of Specialty Groups

Psychoeducational Groups

An Example of Psychoeducational Group Work: Life-Skills Development Groups

Counseling Groups

An Example of a Counseling Group: A Counseling Group for Counselors

Psychotherapy Groups

An Example of Group Psychotherapy: Group Work With Abusers and the Abused

Task/Work Groups

An Example of Task/Work Groups: Teams

Mixed Groups and a Proposed Regrouping of Categories

An Example of a Mixed Group: A Consumer-Oriented Group

Summary and Conclusion

Classroom Exercises

CHAPTER 3-Group Dynamics

Group Content and Group Process

Group Content

Group Process

Balance Between Content and Process

The Group as a System: A Way of Explaining Group Dynamics

Influencing Group Dynamics

Preplanning

Group Structure

Group Exercises

Group Interaction

Members’ Roles

The Effect of Positive and Negative Variables on Group Dynamics

Learning Group Dynamics

Group, Individual, and Family Dynamics

Persons

Processing

Consequences

Summary and Conclusion

Classroom Exercises

CHAPTER 4-Effective Group Leadership

Leadership: A Concept in Search of a Definition

Group Leadership Styles

Leadership Styles for Different Groups

Personal Qualities of Effective Group Leaders

The Trait Approach

Personality and Specific Groups

Theory and Effective Group Leaders

Skills of Effective Group Leaders

Core Group Skills

Specific Group Skills

Group Leadership Functions

Main Functions of Group Leaders

Leaders and Group Conflict

Co-leaders in Groups

Advantages

Limitations

Group Leadership Training

Group Supervision

Summary and Conclusion

Classroom Exercises

CHAPTER 5-Beginning a Group

Steps in the Forming Stage

Step 1: Developing a Rationale for the Group

Step 2: Deciding on a Theoretical Format

Step 3: Weighing Practical Considerations

Step 4: Publicizing the Group

Step 5: Pretraining and Selecting Members and a Leader

Tasks of the Beginning Group

Dealing With Apprehension

Reviewing Goals and Contracts

Specifying Group Rules

Setting Limits

Promoting a Positive Interchange Among Members

Resolving Potential Group Problems in Forming

People Problems

Group Procedural Problems

Useful Procedures for the Beginning Stage of a Group

Joining

Linking

Cutting Off

Drawing Out

Clarifying the Purpose

Summary and Conclusion

Classroom Exercises

CHAPTER 6-The Transition Period in a Group: Norming and Storming

Storming

Peer Relationships in Storming

Resistance During Storming

Task Processing in Storming

Working Through Storming

Results of Working Through Storming

Norms and Norming

Peer Relations During Norming

Task Processing During Norming

Examining Aspects of Norming

Promoting Norming

Results of Norming

Summary and Conclusion

Classroom Exercises

CHAPTER 7-The Working Stage in a Group: Performing

Peer Relationships

Task Processes During the Working Stage

Teamwork and Team Building During the Working Stage

Problems in the Working Stage of Groups

Racial and Gender Issues

Group Collusion

The Working Stage of the Group and Groups That Work

Strategies for Assisting Groups in the Working Stage

Modeling by the Leader

Exercises

Group Observing Group

Brainstorming

Nominal-Group Technique

Synectics

Written Projections

Group Processing

Teaching of Skills

Outcomes of the Working Stage

Summary and Conclusion

Classroom Exercises

CHAPTER 8-Termination of a Group

Preparing for Termination

Effects of Termination on Individuals

Premature Termination

Premature Termination of the Group as a Whole

Premature Termination Initiated by Group Members

Preventing Premature Termination

Termination of Group Sessions

Member Summarization

Leader Summarization

Rounds

Dyads

Written Reactions

Rating Sheets

Homework

Termination of a Group

Capping Skills in Terminations

Problems in Terminations

Denial

Transference

Countertransference

Handling Termination Correctly

Follow-Up Sessions

Summary and Conclusion

Classroom Exercises

CHAPTER 9-Group Work With Culturally Diverse Populations

A Historical Overview of Cultural Diversity in Groups

Challenges of Culturally Diverse Groups

Myths About Multicultural Groups

Goals of Multicultural Groups

Assessing Cultural Diversity in a Group

Leadership in Culturally Diverse Groups

Working With Different Cultural Populations in Groups

African Americans

Hispanic/Latino Americans

Asian and Asian Pacific Americans

Native Americans

European Americans

Groups for Gays, Lesbians, and Bisexuals

Summary and Conclusion

Classroom Exercises

CHAPTER 10-Ethical and Legal Aspects of Group Work

The Nature of Ethics and Ethical Codes

Major Ethical Issues in Group Work

Training of Group Leaders

Screening of Potential Group Members

Rights of Group Members

Confidentiality

Personal Relationships Between Group Members and Leaders

Dual Relationships

Personal Relationships Among Group Members

Uses of Group Techniques

Leaders’ Values

Referrals

Records

Termination and Follow-Up

Making Ethical Decisions

Promoting Ethical Principles in Group Work

Training Group Leaders

Continuing Education and Peer Supervision

Responding to Alleged Unethical Complaints

Legal Issues in Group Work

Community, State, and National Standards

Legal Action

Summary and Conclusion

Classroom Exercises

PART TWO-Groups throughout the Life Span

CHAPTER 11-Groups for Children

Types of Groups for Children

Group Guidance for Elementary/Middle School Children

Group Counseling Within the Schools

Group Guidance and Counseling in Community Settings

Setting up Groups for Children

Nonverbal Versus Verbal Communication

Group Structure and Materials

Recruiting Members and Screening

Group Session Length and Number in Group

Gender and Age Issues

Role of the Leader in Children’s Groups

Studies on the Outcome of Children’s Groups

Strengths and Limitations of Using Groups With Children

Summary and Conclusion

Classroom Exercises

CHAPTER 12-Groups for Adolescents

Types of Groups for Adolescents

Developmental Psychoeducational Groups

Nondevelopmental Counseling/Psychotherapy Groups

Setting up Groups for Adolescents

Nonverbal Versus Verbal Communication

Group Structure and Materials

Recruiting Members and Screening

Group Session Length and Number in Group

Gender and Age Issues

Role of the Leader in Adolescents’ Groups

Problems in Adolescents’ Groups

Outright Disruptiveness

Hesitancy to Engage With Others

Polarization

Monopolizing

Inappropriate Risk Taking

Overactivity or Giddiness

Studies on the Outcome of Groups for Adolescents

Strengths and Limitations of Using Groups With Adolescents

Strengths

Limitations

Summary and Conclusion

Classroom Exercises

CHAPTER 13-Groups for Adults

Types of Groups for Adults

Setting up Groups for Adults

Role of the Leader in Groups for Adults

Studies on the Outcomes of Groups for Adults

Groups for College Students

Groups for Adults in Midlife

Groups for Men and Women

Groups for Couples, Families, the Divorced, and the Widowed

Groups for Adult Offenders and Persons With Life-Threatening Illnesses

Strengths and Limitations of Using Groups With Adults

Strengths

Limitations

Summary and Conclusion

Classroom Exercises

CHAPTER 14-Groups for the Older Adults

Types of Groups for the Older Adults

Psychoeducational and Task/Work Groups

Counseling and Psychotherapy Groups

Setting up Groups for the Older Adults

Role of the Leader in Groups for the Older Adults

Studies on the Outcomes of Groups for the Older Adults

Groups for Caretakers of the Older Adults

Strengths and Limitations of Groups for the Older Adults

Strengths

Limitations

Summary and Conclusion

Classroom Exercises

PART THREE-Leading Groups from a Theoretical Perspective

CHAPTER 15-Psychoanalytic, Transactional Analysis, and Reality Therapy Groups

Psychoanalytic Groups

Premises of Psychoanalytically Oriented Groups

Practice of Psychoanalytic Theory in a Group

Role of the Psychoanalytically Oriented Group Leader

Desired Outcome of Psychoanalytically Oriented Groups

Evaluation of Psychoanalytically Oriented Groups

Learning More

Transactional Analysis Groups

Premises of Transactional Analysis Groups

Practice of Transactional Analysis in a Group

Role of the Transactional Analysis Group Leader

Desired Outcome of Transactional Analysis Groups

Evaluation of Transactional Analysis Groups

Learning More

Reality Therapy Groups

Premises of Reality Therapy Groups

Practice of Reality Therapy in a Group

Role of the Reality Therapy Group Leader

Desired Outcome of Reality Therapy Groups

Evaluation of Reality Therapy Groups

Learning More

Summary and Conclusion

Classroom Exercises

CHAPTER 16-Adlerian, Person-Centered, and Existential Groups

Adlerian Groups

Premises of Adlerian Groups

Practice of Adlerian Theory in a Group

Role of the Adlerian Group Leader

Desired Outcome of Adlerian Groups

Evaluation of Adlerian Groups

Learning More

Person-Centered Groups

Premises of Person-Centered Groups

Practice of Person-Centered Theory in a Group

Role of the Person-Centered Group Leader

Desired Outcome of Person-Centered Groups

Evaluation of Person-Centered Groups

Learning More

Existential Groups

Premises of Existential Groups

Practice of Existential Theory in a Group

Role of the Existential Group Leader

Desired Outcome of Existential Groups

Evaluation of Existential Groups

Learning More

Summary and Conclusion

Classroom Exercises

CHAPTER 17-Gestalt and Psychodrama Groups

Gestalt Groups

Premises of Gestalt Groups

Practice of Gestalt Theory in a Group

Role of the Gestalt Group Leader

Desired Outcome of Gestalt Groups

Evaluation of Gestalt Groups

Learning More

Psychodrama Groups

Premises of Group Psychodrama

Practice of Psychodrama in a Group

Role of the Psychodrama Group Leader

Desired Outcome of Psychodrama Groups

Evaluation of Psychodrama Groups

Learning More

Summary and Conclusion

Classroom Exercises

CHAPTER 18-Rational-Emotive Behavioral Therapy and Behavioral Therapy Groups

Rational-Emotive Behavioral Therapy Groups

Premises of Rational-Emotive Behavioral Therapy Groups

Practice of Rational-Emotive Behavioral Therapy in a Group

Role of the Rational-Emotive Behavioral Therapy Group Leader

Desired Outcome of Rational-Emotive Behavioral Therapy Groups

Evaluation of Rational-Emotive Behavioral Therapy Groups

Learning More

Behavioral Therapy Groups

Premises of Behavioral Therapy Groups

Practice of Behavioral Therapy in a Group

Role of the Behavioral Therapy Group Leader

Desired Outcome of Behavioral Therapy Groups

Evaluation of Behavioral Therapy Groups

Learning More

Summary and Conclusion

Classroom Exercises

APPENDIX A-Association for Specialists in Group Work: Best Practice Guidelines

APPENDIX B-Association for Specialists in Group Work: Principles for Diversity-Competent Group Workers

APPENDIX C-Association for Specialists in Group Work: Professional Standards for the Training of Group Workers

GLOSSARY

REFERENCES

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