Living Democracy, California Edition Book

Preface/Walkthrough     xii
Acknowledgments     xxiv
About the Authors     1
Foundations of american government
American Government: Democracy in Action     3
American Democracy and the Individual Citizen     3
The Unique Democracy of the United States     8
Themes of This Book     9
Citizen Participation in Democratic Government     9
Pathways of Action     12
Pathways of Action: Active Students and Local Air Pollution Laws     16
Pathways Profile: A. Philip Randolph     18
Diversity in American Society     18
Citizen Participation and Pathways: The Example of Abortion     21
Change and Stability in American Government     23
Sources of Stability     24
Pathways Profile: The Political Culture of Our Neighbor to the North     26
Conclusion     28
Early Governance and the Constitutional Framework     33
The Cry for Liberty, Equality,...and Slavery?     33
The Nature of Government and Politics     36
Types of Governments     38
Economic Systems     40
Early Governance in America     41
Pathways of Action: The Sons of Liberty     43
The American Revolution     44
Pathways Profile: Thomas Paine and the "Common Sense" of Democracy     47
The Declaration of Independence     48
The Colonial Experience and the Pathways of Change     51
Pathways Past and Present: Tiimothy McVeigh's Revolution?     51
The Articles of Confederation     53
Limitations of the Articles of Confederation     54
Shays's Rebellion: An Alternative Look     55
The Constitutional Convention     56
The Great Compromise     57
The Three-Fifths Compromise     58
The Sectional Compromise     59
The U.S. Constitution     60
The Struggle over Ratification     65
The Federalist Papers     66
The Anti-Federalists' Response     67
Other Challenges Faced by the New Nation     69
A Second Revolution     69
Jacksonian Democracy     71
Conclusion     73
Federalism     79
No Child Left Behind and the Ongoing Debate over Authority     79
Why Divide Authority in the First Place?     83
The Evolution of Federalism in the United States     86
Before the Civil War     86
Pathways Profile: John Marshall     86
Pathways of Action: The Civil War and the Failure of American Politics     88
Federalism after the Civil War     89
Federal Power: The Supreme Court and the New Deal     92
Recent Trends in Federalism     96
The New Deal and Cooperative Federalism     96
The Great Society and Creative Federalism     97
The Changing Nature of Federal Grants     98
Pathways of Action: Mandates to Prompt Change     100
New Federalism     100
Pathways Past and Present: Dillon's Rule versus Home Rule     101
Devolution     102
Pathways of Action: Intergovernmental Lobbyists     103
Pathways of Action: States' Rights-For Liberals?     104
The Supreme Court's Shift in Perspective     105
Conclusion     106
The institutions of american government
The Judiciary     111
Controversy over Same-Sex Marriage     111
Court Structure and Processes     114
The Adversarial System     114
Trial Courts     115
Appellate Courts     117
The United States Supreme Court     118
Pathways Profile: Ruth Bader Ginsburg     121
The Power of American Judges     122
Constitutional and Statutory Interpretation     123
Judicial Review     124
Federal Judges' Protected Tenure     127
Judicial Selection and Judges' Decision Making     129
Judicial Selection in the Federal System     130
Pathways Past and Present: Diversity in the Judiciary     130
Judicial Selection in the States     132
Judges' Decision Making     134
Political Science and Judicial Decision Making     136
Action in the Court Pathway     137
Pathways Profile: John G. Roberts Jr.     138
Interest Group Litigation     138
Pathways of Action: The NAACP and Racial Segregation     139
Elements of Strategy     140
Implementation and Impact     142
Judicial Policymaking and Democracy     144
Conclusion     146
Civil Liberties     153
Restrictions on Freedom of Speech     153
The Bill of Rights in History     156
Early Interpretation of the Bill of Rights     157
The Incorporation Process and the Nationalization of Constitutional Rights     158
Pathways of Action: Cruel and Unusual Punishment     160
First Amendment Rights      161
Freedom of Speech     167
Pathways Profile: Mary Beth Tinker     168
Freedom of the Press     170
Pathways Past and Present: Supreme Court Workload     171
Obscenity     172
Freedom of Religion     175
Civil Liberties and Criminal Justice     180
The Right to Bear Arms     180
Search and Seizure     181
Self-Incrimination     184
Trial Rights     186
Pathways Profile: Clarence Earl Gideon     187
Capital Punishment     189
Privacy     191
Abortion     192
Private Sexual Conduct     195
Conclusion     198
Civil Rights     205
The Controversy over Affirmative Action     205
The Ideal of Equality     209
Equal Protection of the Law     211
The Fourteenth Amendment and Reconstruction     215
The Rise and Persistence of Racial Oppression     216
Pathways Profile: Fred Korematsu     220
Litigation Strategies and School Segregation     221
Clarifying the Coverage of the Equal Protection Clause     224
Pathways of Action: Restrictive Covenants      227
Grassroots Mobilization and Civil Rights     228
African Americans and Civil Rights     228
Pathways Past and Present: Technology and Grassroots Mobilization     231
Civil Rights Legislation     233
Women and Civil Rights     235
Latinos and Civil Rights     238
Contemporary Civil Rights Issues     240
Complexity of Issues     241
Emerging Groups     241
Conclusion     243
Congress     249
Health, Human Services,...and Less Restrictive Gun Laws?     249
The Nature and Style of Representation     252
Congress and the Constitution     255
Redistricting     259
Pathways of Action: The Texas Redistricting Battle     260
Organizing the Legislative Process     265
Standing Committees: The Workhorses of the Legislature     265
What Committees Do     267
Political Parties in the Legislature     270
Legislative Leadership     272
Pathways Profile: Congresswoman Nancy Pelosi Makes History     273
Legislative Rules and Norms     274
Pathways Past and Present: The Caning of Senator Charles Sumner     276
Pathways of Action: Bridges to Nowhere?     278
How a Bill Becomes Law     279
Making Laws: A Summary     281
Who Sits in Congress?     282
Gender     282
Race and Ethnicity     282
Pathways Profile: Congresswoman Barbara Jordan of Texas     283
Income and Occupation     284
Congressional Ethics     286
Conclusion     290
The Presidency     297
From Storyteller to Commander in Chief-in Seven Minutes     297
Early Concerns about Executive Power     300
The President and the Constitution     302
The Constitutional Convention     302
Article II and Ratification of the Constitution     304
The Evolution of the Presidency     305
Models of Presidential Power     307
Pathways Past and Present: Theodore Roosevelt and the Bully Pulpit     307
Institutional Changes     309
Pathways of Action: FDR Takes Charge!     311
Pathways Profile: Condoleezza Rice, Secretary of State and Political Scientist     313
The Changing Role of the Vice President     314
Informal Powers of the President     315
First Ladies     317
The Many Roles of Modern Presidents     318
The President as Chief of State     318
The President as Chief Legislator     319
The President as Chief Diplomat     321
The President as Commander in Chief     323
The President as Chief Executive     325
Presidential Greatness     327
Conclusion     330
Bureaucracy     337
Government and Natural Disasters     337
Pathways of Action: Arsenic Standards for Drinking Water     340
Organization of the Federal Bureaucracy     341
Development of the Federal Bureaucracy     342
Pathways Past and Present: Reorganization of the Bureaucracy     345
Departments     346
Independent Agencies, Independent Regulatory Commissions, and Government Corporations     349
Pathways Profile: Joan Claybrook     350
The Nature of Bureaucracy     352
The Image of Bureaucracy     352
The Advantages of Bureaucracy     353
The Problems of Government Bureaucracy     357
Reform of the Bureaucracy     358
The Lobbying Pathway and Policymaking     359
The Bureaucracy and Legislation     359
Pathways Profile: Jeffrey N. Shane      361
The Bureaucracy and Information     361
Regulations     363
Quasi-Judicial Processes     365
Oversight and Accountability     366
Conclusion     367
The american public and the democratic process
Political Socialization and Public Opinion     373
Change in Action: Views of Homosexuality     373
Public Opinion     376
Fundamental Values     378
The Stability of Political Beliefs     380
Pathways Past and Present: Sexism Reconsidered     381
The Impact of Popular Culture on Political Opinions and Values     382
The Power of Popular Culture     384
From Values to Ideology     385
Pathways Profile: New College Conservatives     386
Political Socialization     387
Family     387
School     388
Peers and Community     390
Religion     390
The Media     390
Impact of Events     391
Social Groups and Political Values     392
Economic Bases of Partisanship and Public Opinion     392
Education     394
Religion     394
Pathways Profile: Jim Wallis      395
Race and Ethnicity     397
Gender     399
Measuring Public Opinion     401
Use of Polls     401
History of Polling     402
Pathways Profile: George Gallup     403
Modern Polling Techniques     403
Survey Research     405
Controversies Surrounding Polling     408
Conclusion     409
The Politics of the Media     417
Media and Cultural Change     417
Mass Media     420
History of Mass Media     422
Print Media     422
Electronic Media     425
Pathways Profile: Edward R. Murrow     426
Functions of the Media     429
Entertainment     429
Pathways Past and Present: The Role of Profits     430
Social Effects of the Media     431
Pathways Profile: Dorothea Lange, Photojournalist     431
Pathways Profile: The Typical Journalist     434
Political Use of Media     436
How Politicians Make the News     436
How Journalists Report the News     436
Pathways of Action: The Strategic Use of Leaks     439
How Groups Use the Media      442
The Media and the Public in the Political Arena     443
Media in Campaigns     443
Global Issues     445
Narrowcasting     446
Concentration and Centralization of Ownership     447
Governmental Regulations     448
The Right to Privacy     449
Rules regarding Content and Ownership     449
Challenges Related to the New Media     450
Conclusion     451
Civic and Political Engagement     457
Citizens in Action, Rocking the Vote     457
Activism and Protest in the United States: A Brief History     461
Protest in Colonial America     462
The Right to Revolt     463
Influencing the Government through Mobilization and Participation     465
Constitutional Guarantees for Citizen Activism and Mobilization     465
Early Social Movements: The First National Groups Emerge, 1830s-1890     466
The Abolitionist Movement     467
Pathways Profile: Frederick Douglass     467
The Women's Rights Movement: The First Wave     468
Pathways Profile: Alice Stokes Paul     469
The Prohibition Movement     470
Progressive Era Movements, 1890s-1920     472
The Rise of Labor Unions     472
Business Groups and Trade Associations     473
New Politics: Mass Movements of the Modern Era     474
Vietnam and the Antiwar Movement     474
The Civil Rights Movement     475
The Women's Rights Movement: The Second Wave     476
Pathways of Action: The Equal Rights Amendment     477
The Gay Rights Movement     479
Conservative Christian Groups     480
Pathways Profile: James Dobson     481
Older and Newer Mobilization Tactics     482
Theory versus Practice     484
Free Association and Expression versus National Security     484
9/11 and the USA Patriot Act     485
Freedom, Activism, and Public Opinion     487
The Age of Apathy?     487
Pathways of Action: Youth Groups     490
Conclusion     491
Interest Groups     499
The Power of the National Rifle Association     499
The Role of Interest Groups in the Policy Process     502
What Are Interest Groups?     502
Pathways of Action: LULAC     503
Functions of Interest Groups in a Democratic Society     504
The Interest Group Explosion      504
Pathways Profile: Ralph Nader     505
Types of Interest Groups     506
Bias in Representation: Who Participates?     509
Difficulties in Mobilization     510
Overcoming Organizational Barriers     511
The Role of Interest Group Leaders     512
Pathways Profile: Bruce S. Gordon     513
Inside and Outside Lobbying     515
Pathways of Action: The K Street Project     517
Pathways Profile: Recording Artists Coalition     518
Outside Lobbying     518
Lobbying Other Groups and Forming Alliances     519
Grassroots Mobilization     520
Grassroots Lobbying Tactics     520
Campaign Activities     524
Pathways Past and Present: Traditional Volunteers versus Paid Professionals     525
The Importance of Money in Mobilization     526
Uses of Money     526
Fundraising Tactics     526
Interest Group Influence     527
Conclusion     528
Elections and Political Participation in America     533
How Much for That Senate Seat?     533
Elections and Democratic Theory     537
Republicanism and Different Ways to Select Leaders      537
Elections as an Expression of Popular Will     537
Stability and Legitimacy     537
Pathways of Action: The Power of the Purple Finger     539
Civic Education     540
Fulfilling One's Civic Duty     540
A Safety Valve     540
The Limitations of Elections     541
Elections as a Placebo     541
A Poor Measure of Public Sentiment     541
The Atomization of Politics     542
Constricting the Pool of Public Officials     542
A Broken Process?     542
Elections and the Law     543
The Electoral College     543
Pathways Past and Present: Four Winners Who Lost     544
Amendments to the Constitution and the Electoral Process     546
Voting and Legislative Acts     548
Referendums, Initiatives, and Recalls     550
The Future of the Ballot Initiative as a Pathway of Change     551
The Role of Money in Elections     552
Pathways Profile: Two Innovative Campaign Operatives     554
The Rage for Reform     554
Political Action Committees     556
The Incumbent Fundraising Advantage     556
Reforming the Reforms: BCRA      559
The Ironies of Money and Politics     562
Levels of Political Participation     562
The Shrinking Electorate     563
Why Has Turnout Declined?     564
Pathways Profile: Mark Shield-"This I Believe"     567
Voting and Demographic Characteristics     568
Are Young Voters Tuning Out?     569
Are They Getting the Message? Young Voters in the 2004 and 2006 Elections     569
Pathways Profile: Citizen Change: Puffy Gets Political     570
Conclusion     571
Political Parties     579
Religion and Party Politics     579
What Is a Political Party?     582
Party Functions     583
The Components of Political Parties     586
Party-in-Government     586
Pathways of Action: The Contract with America     587
Party-in-the-Electorate     589
Realignment Theory     590
Party-as-Organization     591
Party Eras in American History     594
The Emergence of Parties in America (1790s-1828)     595
The Heyday of Parties (1828-1900)     596
Party Decline (1900-1970s)     597
Organizational Resurgence (1970s-Present)     599
Minor Parties in American Politics     600
Barriers to Minor Party Success     600
Minor Parties in American History     601
Minor Parties in the Twenty-First Century     605
Political Parties and Ideology     606
The Nomination Process     609
Different Primary Systems     609
Presidential Nominations     610
Pathways of Action: Howard Dean's Innovative Internet Campaign     612
A-More Democratic Process?     613
Conclusion     614
Public policy
Public Policy in the United States     621
Hooters and Polluters: The Politics of Public Policy     621
The Nature of Public Policy     624
Ideas and Values in Public Policy     624
Freedom     627
Equality     627
Political Ideology     628
Pathways Profile: Rachel Carson     629
Types of Public Policy     630
The Public Policy Process     631
Identifying the Problem     633
Pathways of Action: Mothers Against Drunk Driving     633
Setting an Agenda     634
Formulating and Legitimizing Policy     634
Pathways Past and Present: The Welfare Debate      637
Implementing Policy     638
Alternative Views of the Policy Process     640
Conclusion     642
Making Economic Policy     649
A Bridge Too Far     649
Economic Basics     652
The Big Five: Measuring Economic Performance  &n