The World of Music Book

Preface xi

Acknowledgments xv

About the Authors xvii

Part 1 Preparation for Listening 2

Chapter 1 Introducing the World of Music 4

The Infinite Variety of Music: A Global Perspective 6

The American Mainstream and Ethnic Diversity 6

Music in Culture 8

Music Labels: Help or Hindrance? 10

Artists and Artistry 11

The Business of Music 12

Manufacturing and Merchandising 13

Performance of Music 13

Music Publishing and Copyright Laws 14

Music in Advertising 15

Music in the Community 15

Summary 16

Chapter 2 The Nature of Music: Vocabulary for Listening and Understanding 18

Definitions of Music 20

Music as a Science 20

Expressive and Functional Qualities of Music 21

Music Is Sound and Silence 21

Music Moves through Time 21

Music Is an Art 21

Music Is Universal 22

Music Is a Means of Expression 22

Music Can Be Functional 22

Music Is a Changing Art 23

The Creative, Performing, and Listening Experiences 23

Participating in Active Listening 25

The Elements of Music 26

Melody 27

Harmony 28

Rhythm 28

Loudness 29

Tone Quality 29

Interaction of the Elements 30

To Create a Style: Musical Concepts 30

Texture 31

Genres and Forms 31

Melodic Growth and Character 32

Goals for Listening 32

Summary 39

Part 2 Listening to American Music: Folk, Religious, Jazz, and Pop 40

Chapter 3 Folk Music Traditions 42

Goals for Listening 44

The Roots of Traditional Folk Music 44

Types of Folk Music 46

The Blues 48

Folk Music: An Expanded View 50

The Urban Folk Revival 52

Urban Blues 53

Summary 55

Chapter 4 Religious Music Traditions 56

Goals for Listening 58

The Roots of American ProtestantMusic 58

Psalm Singing and Psalters 58

Lining Out, Singing Schools, and the Shape-Note System 58

Traditional Black Gospel Music 62

White Gospel Music: Revival and Evangelical Hymns 66

Popular Contemporary Styles 68

Summary 70

Chapter 5 Jazz Styles 72

Goals for Listening 74

What Is Jazz? 75

The Jazz Style 76

The Feel of Swing 76

Instruments 77

Improvisation 77

The Roots of Jazz 78

Jazz Styles 79

New Orleans and Chicago Jazz 79

Stride and Boogie Woogie 83

Swing and Big Band Jazz 83

Bebop 88

Cool Jazz, Hard Bop, Soul Jazz, and Free Jazz 92

Modern Jazz, Fusion, and Smooth Jazz 97

Summary 99

Chapter 6 Popular Music 100

Goals for Listening 102

The Definition and Scope of Popular Music 102

Pre-Twentieth Century 103

Twentieth Century and Beyond 105

Tin Pan Alley 106

Vaudeville 106

Musicals 107

Film 108

Radio and Recordings 109

Country Music 111

Hillbilly 111

Cowboy Songs and Western Swing 112

Bluegrass 114

The Nashville Sound 115

Contemporary Country 118

Early African American Influences 120

Motown 120

Gospel 120

Rhythm and Blues 121

Soul 122

Contemporary Styles 123

Rock 123

Rap/Hip-Hop 126

Other Genres 128

Summary 129

Part 3 Listening to World Music 130

Chapter 7 Music of the Americas 132

Goals for Listening 134

Native American Music 134

Style and Context 135

Assimilation and Preservation 136

Ethnic Music in the United States 138

Reggae 140

Latino Music 140

Cajun and Zydeco Music 146

Music of South America, Mexico, and the Caribbean 148

Indigenous Folk Culture 148

Musical Instruments 148

Folk Songs and Dances 148

Religious Influences 151

Summary 151

Chapter 8 Music Beyond the Americans 152

Goals for Listening 154

Music in India 154

Classical Music 154

Popular Music 157

Music in Japan 157

The Performance Context 157

Musical Genres 158

Gagaku 158

Kabuki 159

Koto, Shakuhachi, and Shamisen 159

Music in Sub-Saharan Africa 161

Music in Context 163

Instruments 163

Rhythm 164

Popular Music 166

Music in Eastern Europe 169

Indonesian Gamelan and Popular Music 172

Jewish Music 174

Cultural Context 174

Liturgical Music 175

Klezmer Music 175

Celtic Music 176

Instruments 177

Artists 177

Altan 177

Clannad 177

Solas 178

The Chieftains 178

Summary 181

Part 4 Listening to Western Classical Music 182

Chapter 9 Music to 1600 184

Goals for Listening 186

The Beginnings of Western Music (until 1450) 186

Gregorian Chant 187

Notation 192

Polyphonic Music 192

The Renaissance (1450-1600) 193

Choral and Vocal Music 194

Mass 194

Motet 198

Madrigal 200

Instrumental Music 203

The Reformation 203

Featured Composers 203

Josquin des Prez 206

Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina 207

Giovanni Gabrieli 208

Summary 210

Chapter 10 Music of the Baroque Period (1600-1750) 212

Goals for Listening 214

Musical Characteristics 214

Texture 214

Major-Minor Tonal System 214

Continuo 215

Word Painting 215

Other Musical Characteristics 215

Instruments 217

Musical Forms and Genres 217

Opera 218

Orchestral Works 218

Chamber Music 221

Keyboard Works 222

Choral Music 224

Featured Composers 225

Johann Sebastian Bach 225

George Frideric Handel 230

Other Notable Composers 233

Summary 233

Chapter 11 Music of the Classic Period (1750-1820) 234

Goals for Listening 236

Musical Characteristics 236

Instruments 237

Genres 237

Instrumental 238

Vocal, Choral, and Opera 238

Forms 240

Sonata Form 240

Theme and Variations 244

Minuet and Trio 244

Rondo 246

Featured Composers 246

Franz Joseph Haydn 246

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 247

Ludwig van Beethoven 249

Summary 251

Chapter 12 Music of the Romantic Period (Nineteenth Century) 252

Goals for Listening 254

Musical Characteristics 254

Forms and Genres 255

Instrumental Forms and Genres 255

Opera and Ballet 256

Keyboard Forms and Genres 256

Songs 257

Featured Composers 257

Johannes Brahms 259

Frédéric Chopin 262

Felix Mendelssohn 263

Franz Schubert 264

Pyotr I'yich Tchaikovsky 266

Giuseppe Verdi 268

Richard Wagner 269

Other Notable Composers 269

Summary 271

Chapter 13 Music of the Twentieth Century 272

Goals for Listening 274

General Characteristics 274

Stylistic Developments and Featured Composers 275

Impressionism: Claude Debussy 276

Experimental Music: Igor Stravinsky 279

Atonal Music and Serialism: Arnold Schoenberg 283

Electronic Music: Edgard Varése 284

Chance Music: John Cage 285

Nationalism: Béla Bartók 286

Nationalism: Charles Ives and Aaron Copland 287

Additional American Composers 292

Amy Cheney Beach 292

Ruth Crawford 292

Ellen Taaffe Zwilich 293

Ulysses Kay 294

Henry Cowell 294

George Gershwin 294

William Grant Still 296

Neoclassical Music 296

Minimalism 297

Traditional Sounds 297

Summary 299

Appendix A A List of Recommended DVDs and Videos Supporting the Philosophy of The World of Music 301

Appendix B Classification of Instruments according to Methods of Tone Production 305

Glossary 315

Bibliography 327

Credits 329

Index 331